By agricultural agriculture one understands production about cultivated plants on particularly culture soil worked on for it.

Basis

On the basis of the used tillage implements one can differentiate between building of grave sticks and building of chopping and the building of plows. Fields of the industrialized agriculture are descendants of the plow-worked on fields.

The treatment exists today in the substantial one in the paging of the layers for the purpose of loosening the Krume and perhaps the Production happens on the one hand at direct consumption, on the other hand and still more importantly at the supply attitude. It covers sowing, care (fertilization, harvest and - more or less purposefully - breeding of the cultivated plants.

The cultivated plants are traditionally various varieties of grain, and (underground) root crops such as sugar beets and potatoes.

Further there is the cultivation of plants, which not when food for humans serves. In addition luxury plants count such as tobacco, fiber supplier such as cotton and Viehfutter such as clover.

Historical beginning of the agriculture

The beginning of the Jungsteinzeit (Neolithikum) is equated mostly with the beginning of the agriculture. The Mittelsteinzeit (Mesolithikum) went ahead, which can be designated in certain way as a development period from the hunter and Sammlertum to the agriculture. The agriculture developed locally as grave stick agriculture. With the spreading into forest areas the Rodung set and with invention of the plow and its accompanying operational funds such as yoke and ox the plow agriculture, if necessary as Schwendbau. Afterwards came the Bronzezeit, which is characterised by the discovery of metalworking. The beginning of the Jungsteinzeit can be specified however - like also different epochs - only regionally, since it represents the cultural development. In the Levante and in Syria, in the north of Mesopotamien was the time beginning of the agriculture after newest realizations around 11000 v. Chr. In Europe this period lay between 7.000 and 4000 v. Chr.In Japan held the agriculture only for 300 v. Chr. Introduction, other peoples were there already in the copper, bronze and Eisenzeit. Technologically seen some Amazon areas and areas of the Kalahari are to be arranged partly today still jungsteinzeitlich.

Cultivation methods

Building of continuous fields

Building of continuous fields marks a principle in the agriculture, in which year by year on the same field one cultivates. To fight received by crop rotation systems tries the soil fertility too and parasits. Building of continuous fields presupposes an all-season growth period as in the perpetually damp Tropics. (Temperatures over 10 "°C and humid climate.)

Measures for the increased returns with the building of continuous fields

A possibility of increasing the yields with the building of continuous fields lies on the one hand of using crop rotation systems which fight the nutrient content received and parasits. The moreover one the possibility exists to fertilize its cultivation area, in order to obtain higher yields,

Building of continuous fields in the tropical rain forest

In the tropical rain forest it is not advisable to operate building of continuous fields. Except if one in favour areas cultivates, is on the fact to be counted that the nutrients decrease gradually and thus the yields continue to sink ever. It is sufficiently precipitation available, which flows off nearly always immediately however due to the large pores of the soil into deeper Bodenschichten.

Agricultural favour areas in the Tropics

• Feasting surfaces, high nutrient content (course, Amazon)
• volcanic areas (the Philippines, Java)

Basis for the fertility of the exception areas is the offer at nutrients and/or at clay minerals with high cation exchange capacity, so-called three-layer clay minerals.

Agricultural favour areas are in places with relatively moderate climate, thus e.g. in places lain somewhat more highly, since such extremely high temperatures do not prevail there, as in normal height. The moreover one fruitful soil is important, which is characterised by high nutrient content and small Porenvolumen, which supplies with on the one hand to the plants nutrients and on the other hand prevented that the water seeps all too fast. Likewise sufficient precipitation is needed. However this may not be to high also again, since the plants become otherwise "„"“.

Ecofarming

The Ecofarming is a cultivation method, which pursues the goal of achieving with as little an outside fund employment as possible a if possible high Ernteertrag. This is reached e.g. by the fact that a cultivation structure is used, which resembles the structure of floor of the rain forest and extracts thus from the soil if possible few nutrients. With the Ecofarming slopes are terrassiert and put on erosion protection ditches. The terrace edges are bepflanzt with trees. Further trees and bushes are planted for the production by fruit, building and firewood, fodder and Mulch for the structure of humus. It takes place an intensive The aminal husbandry is shifted by the pasture into the stable.

A goal

The goal of the Ecofarmings lies of preserving the soil lastingly and of receiving its fertility. With building of continuous fields this is not given, since the nutrients of the soil are used there.

Advantages

The advantages of the Ecofarmings are in the fact that the soil can be preserved and used on long time. Thus (after WERLE) the social and economic situation of the Kleinbauern is to improve, because only a minimum Kapitaleinsatz is necessary and the in addition remain stable.

Comparison to conventional cultivation methods

In the comparison to the Ecofarming no Bodenschutz exists with the pure culture, so that rains and sun meet with full Kraft the soil. The soil is washed by rains and drained by sun. The plants extract all nutrients from it, so that the soil is not to be used no more after few years. With the Ecofarming however one uses the advantages of the primary forest, which lies e.g. in the self-fertilization of the soil by various ways of life in the soil as well as leaves release by trees and bushes. The moreover one the rain is braked and does not meet no more with full force the soil. This prevents the moreover one the Abschwemmung thus erosion of the thin layer. Same applies to the sun, which is likewise held here from the drainage of the soil.

Cultivation of irrigation field

South Europe lies in the region of the Mediterranean climate or also the winter rain climate. That means: hot, dry summers and mild, damp winters with much precipitation. In the summer the sea air from western direction is northward shifted by the Kontintentalluft from the south. In the winter continental air made of Africa more weakly and is shifted by the sea air into the east. The further one goes thus eastward, the variations in temperature are the larger. Economically outstandingly it is to be driven for the agriculture a small problem agriculture. Because in the summer hardly precipitation and it fall are too hot and drying. In the winter however there is too much precipitation, which can cause then whole inundations. Like that the seasons spring and autumn are better suitable.

Huertas, are gardens/areas of the cultivation of irrigation field, as the Spaniards call it. They lie in the narrow coastal low country of the Mediterranean coast or also in river valleys and other levels. Here on small surfaces high yields are obtained. The cultivation takes place via irrigation canals.

Nowadays also the inexpensive droplet irrigation is used. The foil greenhouses are still of the larger use one can over the whole year harvest and up to 3 time. Even in the winter heating costs remain left blank.

But all it does not point out that there is no vegetation. Because the plants adapt. In the Mediterranean region it is called the hard leaves vegetation. Them intend the common grape vines, Pinien, Zypressen, Edelkastanien are and for good lastly the Agrumen, or also Zirus or tropical fruits The sheets are completely particularly leather-like, small and haarig here. Some have also a waxlike coat, because all plants try to protect as well as possible their water against the evaporation. Also the crust is very thick and the roots (e.g. the oil tree) extends up to 6 m deeply, in order to reach the groundwater.

Some plants are completely particularly bristly like those the Macchie. That is a bristly, 2 m high at mountain-slopes. In the spring they flower then in the most beautiful colors.

Building of rain fields

In areas, in which building of rain fields is possible and one practices, the yearly precipitation is larger than the evaporation, which makes a cultivation of plant possible without additional artificial irrigation. Building of rain fields is for example in the climatic regions of the Feuchtsavanne and the subtropics (bspw. to find in Portugal in the Alentejo).

See also: Arid climate, building of drying fields

See also

• History of the agriculture
• Portal: Land and forestry

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