Bases for crop rotations

ZielsetzungDer regulated cultivation of different field fruits on the same field part successively is to receive and if possible increase the soil fertility by the change from stem and sheet fruits, Winterungen and Sommerungen, Humuszehrern and Humusmehrern and by the cultivation of fruits with different growth periods, root systems (Flachwurzler and Tiefwurzler), requirements for nutrient and disease susceptibilities. Additionally the crop rotation is to lower the disease endangerment of the field fruits to a minimum. If this goal is achieved, then good yields are possible with reduced expenditure of mineral fertilizers and plant protection agents. In a crop rotation each field impact goes through the same kinds of fruit in the same order. In order to achieve a better distribution of risks, it is to be aimed at that the number of the field impacts covers itself with the number of the kinds of fruit in the crop rotation or constitutes a multiple of it. At a such crop rotation organization each kind of fruit is cultivated in each year in the enterprise with same surface portions.

FruchtfolgebegriffeEine crop rotation or a crop rotation system contains different crop rotation members. Their succession should be optimally co-ordinated. Each crop rotation member exerts an influence on the following kind of fruit. This Vorfruchtwirkung consists mainly of effects on the soil fertility, the pathogens and the Verunkrautung. Vorfruchtwirkungen are frequently weather and dependent on the ground. The kinds of fruit react differently strongly to their crop rotation position. Sensitive kinds are e.g. wheat, sugar beet, insensitive e.g. rye, corn. The self compatibility of the individual kinds of fruit is differently high. It depends essentially on the structure of infestation more and on the kind of fruit of specialized pathogens, like e.g. Nematoden. Besides influences on those soil structure, the humus content and possibly also root eliminations (Allelopathie, play mutual influences of neighbouring plants on growth) a role. With good self compatibility small know, with bad self compatibility must large cultivation distances the same kind of fruit on the same field impact be kept.

Crop rotation kind for the agriculture different crop rotation systems were developed, in which the sequence of the kinds of fruit is well co-ordinated, is kept the cultivation distances and sufficient versatility in the cultivation is present. Crop rotation systems can consist of different crop rotation components, which are characterized by cereal and sheet fruit usually by the change. The simplest crop rotation component is the crop rotation:

• Cereal (e.g. Triticale)
• Sheet fruit (e.g. potatoes)

Crop rotation components in different composition can arbitrarily often be behind-in-and-suppl.-lined up in a crop rotation system, in order to obtain sufficient cultivation distances for sugar beets, potatoes, Raps or Rotklee. The members of a crop rotation can be also doubled. This corresponds a double crop rotation:

• Cereal (e.g. Wintergerste)
• Cereal (e.g. Winterweizen)
• Sheet fruit (e.g. sugar beets)
• Sheet fruit (e.g. potatoes)

The twice cultivation of sheet fruit brings a better fight effect one behind the other against foot diseases in the grain. Crop rotation components with intensified cereal portion are present in the improved Dreifelderwirtschaft:

• Cereal (e.g. winter rye)
• Cereal (e.g. oats)
• Sheet fruit (e.g. potatoes)

Components with intensified sheet fruit portion are called over crop rotations:

• Sheet fruit (e.g. field vegetable)
• Sheet fruit (e.g. potatoes)
• Cereal (e.g. Winterweizen)

Over crop rotation can be in enterprises with field vegetable from interest. With this type of crop rotation a special attention is to be put on the humus supply. To today's corn crop rotations the silo or can transfer the function of the sheet fruit. It is however in the Vorfruchtwert, in the fight effect against Getreidenematoden, Fusarium Schadpilze and in the influences on the soil structure to estimate more unfavorably than other sheet fruits. Enterprises without aminal husbandry with pure grain crop rotations often expand the building of grains, whereby the sheet fruit should be if possible a

• Cereal (e.g. Winterweizen)
• Cereal (e.g. summer barley)
• Cereal (e.g. Triticale)
• Sheet fruit (e.g. Winterraps)

This is justifiable on many soils with a change of Winterung and Sommerung in the cultivation of grain, during the engagement of insensitive varieties of grain such as oats and rye in the 3.Getreidetracht, with the cultivation of intermediate fruits and with the choice of a sheet fruit with good Vorfruchtwirkung. As long as the rotation fallow is necessary for the surface quiet putting, it can step to the place of the sheet fruit. The can be selected in such a way that the crop rotation is improved, particularly by the Vorfruchtwert of the rotation fallow. For it clover mixtures are well suitable. Crop rotation systems with field fodder cultivation of several years are called Wechselwirtschaft. They are rare in the modern agriculture, however new meaning in the ecological agriculture got.

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