Term of the division of labor in the sociology

The term of the division of labor was in the sociology 19. Century the subject of an argument over the co-operation of the society.

Herbert Spencer

Herbert Spencer analyzed the division of labor in the paper Specialisation OF Functions and division OF labour from the work "“Principles OF Sociology"” (starting from 1877) as natural result of social evolution and regional differences.

Durkheim

Durkheim "“reacted"” in argument with the Utilitarismus in De la to division you travail social (1893) and explained the division of labor as the important basis for the "“organic solidarity"” of highly developed societies.

George Simmel

At the same time, but not in direct argument busy itself George Simmel into over sociale differentiation (1890) with the topic of the division of labor.

All three works the substantial goal is common of dissolving the contradiction between increasing individualizing and collective co-operation of the society. Beyond that each author puts a thought model of the division to reason, with which a homogeneous whole develops during one period to a heterogeneous collection of individual parts, which forms however for their part (higher) whole. The differences set already when allocating this simple model: So this can be whole ones the quantity of possible activities for society preservation (Spencer), the quantity of all existing activities (Durkheim) or the quantity of the interests and conceptions of an individual (Simmel).

The object of the division

On the basis of all authors the common division thought in the consequence the individual aspects of this division are regarded, in order to work in this way the different facets of the examined terms division OF labour, specialisation OF functions (Spencer), differentiation, division of labor (Simmel) and division you travail social (Durkheim) out.

The clearest statement for the object of the division is to be found with Spencer. Specialisation OF functions those refers for continuing a society necessarily or important is to all activities or their parts, (these are the activities of government, military, religiousness, administration and industry). Division OF labour limits Spencer in accordance with the general view of its time to the part specialisation of the OF functions, which serves directly or indirectly the fulfilment of material desires or the production of material aids to the fulfilment of mental desires. To the division OF labour belong beyond that still the one production process adjusting mental work. Also the division of labor George Simmels, which finds use rarely, seems aligned to activities. It has a similar or identical designation with differentiation of the work. It divides related tasks of a vocational activity, covers themselves thus at the most with specialisation the OF functions, if one wants to regard the occupation as contribution for continuing a society, and the task in the sense from activity taking place in the near future understands.

Differentiation continues to seize meanwhile clearly beyond this range and means first inequality, so that division of labor is finally a possible Konkretion of differentiation. Like that the object of the differentiation is indefinite. Social differentiation is clearly bound to the development process of a homogeneous group from humans to a heterogeneous, in addition, it describes directly only one variability here. Finally a kind division is found in the differentiation of the personality, that accompanies with the social differentiation, but. Because this can meaningful be only interpreted as the variability of the interests of a person and thus the fragmentation, the division of the interest of a person into different parts. These parts are the associatednesses of this person to different groups (circles), which with a multiplicity of existing circles the personality as singular intersection of this multiplicity describes.

Durkheim refers his division you travail social once to work and once to function. Since the division of labor is however "“a result of the life fight"”, the activities standing for arrangement are directed on achieving of limited goods and/or toward such, which became scarce by many human competitors. Since these goods can be both mental and material, is possible a comparison with specialisation the OF functions and for the division of labor. A difference to the first lies in such activities, which are necessary for continuing the society, but procure no (at least did not design) limited goods.

Examples of these activities are selecting a party, itself informing by the media or (moral) the exchange with its fellow men. These activities satisfy needs of the action, are available however unrestrictedly, in particular independently of how many other humans exercise the same activity. However a society without election turnout or communication over the social requests could probably hardly continue (also in the sense Durkheims). If one wants to bind "“vocational activities"” less to a "“appointment"” and more strongly to a Lohnarbeit, then division of labor is to a certain extent the "“smallest common denominator"” of the terms discussed here.

The of the division

A substantial point of criticism Durkheims at the work Herbert Spencers is the neglect of the arrangement and thus the before necessary moral volume between the persons, who divide a work among themselves. Basis of this criticism is the "“nature"” of the division you travail social to divide "“the function into two functions"” required. This is an excessive restriction of the division term, wants one the remarks Spencers to become fair, because this regards likewise from each other an independent "“division"” (if one her still as such to then designate wants), as her for example between different regions would be possible, and itself a mutually supporting division similarly a symbiosis, which can contain both laps and completely different parts. So knows, in order to make, a farmer his farm work into sowing and harvesting complementary divide these differences more plastic by examples. In addition, it can co-operate with a neighbour, operate in particular agriculture and limit its cattle breeding strongly, while its neighbour behaves in reverse, which would come equal an overlapping division. Finally Fischer could exist and Bauer without her to connecting trade or mutual knowledge next to each other, so that, based on the conceivable possibilities of the food supply of a society, a completely independent division is to be determined. The criticism Durkheims is load-carrying only in case of a complementary division. A considerable difference between "“division you is to be determined travail social"” and specialisation OF functions and/or division OF labour.

The differentiation of the personality can do, takes we as basis the division object stated in the previous chapter, all three of the division forms sketched above to assume. In addition, the division of labor however appears by the strong reference to Lohnarbeit frequently as of a direction planned and is often complementary put on therefore, appears overlaying. Importantly Simmel is however the straight connection between the individual fields of activity, so that an independent division cannot be excluded by the formulations, but at least hardly one considers by it. By this connection the consequences of the division of labor more interesting for it come to conditions: That humans have another humans with equivalent occupation, but other interests (or in reverse), and so the material connections from the schematic equalnesses to to differentiate learn and over it the abstraktere common recognize.

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