Kinds of goods after the demand behavior

Demand behavior as a function of the price of the property

Normal goods indications itself by the fact out that it with rising price to smaller extent are inquired (negative price elasticity). However a Superiores property is increased consumed with rising price (positive price elasticity).

see also: Price effect

Demand behavior as a function of the income

Giffen goods represent an extreme case of inferiorer goods - them are inquired with rising income to smaller extent (negative income elasticity). Vitally necessary goods exhibit an income elasticity more largely 0, but smaller 1.

see also: Income effect

Demand behavior between two goods

Substitution goods are characterised by the fact that they are subject to one from the view of the consumer something similar or even the same needs quiet and thus in the competition "“either or"”. Therefore the demand rises with a substitution property, if the other property increases in price.

Different degrees at replaceableness can be differentiated: Ability of two goods to be perfectly mutually replaced, without one speaks additional costs, quality differences or similar incentives to arise, which could cause the consumer to prefer a product of a perfect or perfect substitution property. The border rate of the substitution of the property for the other one is constant. Typical substitution goods are bread and roll.

If both goods are replaceable by that in each case different one not perfectly, then one speaks of incomplete substitutes. To lead back the not complete replaceableness is on qualitative or concerning the price differences between the goods. Examples of incomplete substitutes are CDs and audio cartridges; both make a taking up and a showing possible of music, however they differ in quality and storage location.

Complementary goods are inquired however together. They satisfy not the same needs, but complement each other. Therefore the demand for a property sinks, if the price of its complementary property rises.

Also here different degrees can be differentiated: If two goods can be consumed only together, then one speaks of perfect complements - the purchase of the property makes no sense without simultaneous purchase of the other property at all. Mathematically expressed the use of the consumer (U) results thus from U (x1, x2) =min {x1, x2}. Examples of perfect of complements are right and left gloves.

In contrast to it incomplete complements are such goods, which complement each other, in addition, at the market are inquired individually - e.g. computer, printer and screen.

Kinds of goods after

Goods can be differentiated also according to whether a Nachfrager for different makes of a property class exhibits different preferences. If, then one speaks of heterogeneous goods, if no of homogeneous goods.

The different preferences can both by objective product differences (size of, purpose, quality etc.) justified its and by subjective product differences (e.g. mark image). Typical examples are electric current (for homogeneous goods) and car (for heterogeneous goods).

Homogeneous goods are perfectly against each other exchangeable. Neither objective differences (i.e. the goods are materially, homogeneous from its purpose, its Kaufort etc.) exist still subjective differences (i.e. the Nachfrager have also no preferences for certain offerers). If a homogeneous property is present, thus alone the price determines the purchase decision.

The homogeneity of the goods is a necessary condition for the perfect market. Examples of homogeneous goods are call by call Telefontarife, electricity, shares of the same enterprise. From the condition notes of the same currency and fuels are to a large extent homogeneous, as long as they were not made heterogeneous by the advertisement by additives and/or.

If goods exhibit however different characteristics, then they are no longer exchangeable arbitrarily. This reduces the competition between the offerers. Material goods are not homogeneous generally, since their procurement is location dependent and is connected with different purchase experiences. A typical example of heterogeneous goods are cars, which differ in quality, equipment, mark image etc.

Kinds of goods after the possibility of transport

Trade-cash and not tradable goods

Tradable (Tradeables so mentioned) and not tradable goods (Non Tradeables so mentioned) exist, whereby tradable goods are not not international trade by to high transport costs or other reasons. Examples of not tradable goods are in many cases determined services. By definition all real estates are not tradable goods.

Mobilien and real estates

Related to special goods for the same circumstances two further designations were in-patriated: Mobilien distinguish by the fact that they can be transported, while the location cannot be changed by real estates. Thus the economical real estate term is to be understood more broadly than that of the general linguistic usage. Economicalally count not only for this buildings or properties, but also roads and Stromleitungen.

Kinds of goods after welfare effects

Each consumer of a property measures this a certain individual use too, which is quantified in the VWL over the marginal note Zahlungsbereitschaft of the Nachfragers.

Apart from the individually measured out use, which differs from user to user, also a general use, a social welfare effect can be assigned to goods. If this differs sufficiently strongly from the individual use, which is attached to a property at least by parts of the society, then the state intervenes by adjustment: It promotes goods, to which he attaches a high use, while it goods, which it forbids or limits for harmful judged.

In order to be able to justify an interference in such a way into the free market, the state must have a knowledge superiores opposite the individuals. In addition it is to be considered that this form of the state intervention brings a possibly substantial restriction to the consumer sovereignty with itself. Aufgrunddessen is critical this form of the state intervention of analyzing.

A meritorisches property (S. there) is a property, which from social view in sufficient measure one does not inquire. A demeritorisches property however too strongly one inquires.

Kinds of goods after Zurechenbarkeit to a cost objective

With respect to the account system single and overhead costs can be differentiated. Overhead costs are costs, which a cost objective (e.g. product or service) - differently than direct costs - can be added not directly. One calls goods, which are added to overhead costs, also indirect goods. Direct costs goods are called direct goods.

Other kinds of goods

Within the range marketing gives it further kinds of goods and/or Produkttypolgien (see Geml/Lauer: The small marketing encyclopedia, 3. Aufl., Duesseldorf 2004).

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