Structure

One differentiates between the hypophysis front rag (HVL, Adenohypophyse) and the hypophysis behind rag (HHL, neuro hypophysis), which are connected with the hypothalamus by the hypophysis handle (Infundibulum). The neuro hypophysis is here no producing gland separates a memory organ and also is called. The Adenohypophyse produces 7 hormones. The hypophysis normally becomes by four Arterien (Aa. hypophysialis superior et inferior) supplied, those by several capillary nets and portal containers anastomosieren with one another. Resuming literature differentiates still the hypophysis intermediate rag (HZL). Since however the hypophysis intermediate rag seems causally involved into no well-known pathological change, it finds to rare attention.

The secretion of the front rag hormones is steered by Releasing and Inhibiting hormones hypothalami, which are set free in the proximal part of the hypophysis behind rag into a capillary net and then over Portalvenen the gland cells in the front rag to reach. The hormones of the neuro hypophysis are formed in the hypothalamus and set free only in the hypophysis into the Blutkreislauf.

Hormones in the hypophysis front rag to be produced

One differentiates between hormones, which affect such, which stimulate the hormone production of stored endokriner glands direct their goal organs (so-called nichtglandotrope hormones), and (glandotrope hormones). Within the glandotropen hormones further between gonadotropen (on the gonads influencing) and nichtgonadotropen hormones one differentiates.

Nichtglandotrope of hormones

• Somatotropin, STH - growth hormone
• Prolactin, PRL

Glandotrope of hormones

• Gonadotrope of hormones
  • Follitropin, FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone
  • Lutropin, LH - luteinisierendes hormone

• Nichtgonadotrope of hormones
  • Corticotropin, ACTH - suprarenal body crust stimulating hormone
  • Thyrotropin, TSH - thyroid (Thyroidea) stimulating hormone (- > thyreotroper automatic control loop)

Melanotropin (MSH) was considered long independent hormone, however today increasingly as part of the and no longer than separate hormone is regarded.

The hormone production of the hypophysis is regulated by means of Liberinen and Statinen by the hypothalamus.

Hormones in the hypophysis behind rag to be delivered

• Oxytocin, OXT
• Adiuretin, Antidiureti hormone (ADH) = Vasopressin, VP (formed in the Zwischenhirn)

Diseases of the hypophysis

• Deficiency diseases (hypophysis insufficiency):
  • Each hormone-producing portion of the hypophysis can fail individually or combined.
  • If the entire hypophysis failed, one speaks of the Panhypopituarismus.
• Hormone surplus:
  • Each hormone-producing portion of the hypophysis can form a good-like tumor and produce too much hormone.
  • A tumor of the hypophysis is called Hypophysenadenom. This can be also hormone inactive, i.e. produce, no hormones. This is most frequently the case. Tumore those than 1 cm are larger, designate one than Makroadenome, smaller call one Mikroadenome.
• Operation indications exist:
  • Hormone-active tumors (ACTH = central disease Cushing, Somatotropin (STH) = Akromegalie) independently of the size
  • Hormone-inactive tumors (e.g. Kraniopharyngeom) on impairment of neighbouring structures (Sehnervkreuzung = Chiasma opticum) and the occurrence of visual disturbances (typical: reciprocal loss of the outside visual field = bitemporale Hemianopsie).

Diagnostics of the hypophysis

• Anamnesis collection
  • Hereunder applies it the typical indications of a lack of hormone or - to inquire surplus
  • Growth hormone surplus: Increase of the size of hands and feet (ring extent, shoe size), increased face (comparison with old photos), increased tongue with klossiger language and Schnarchen with possible arising Schlafapnoe, damp hands, heart muscle enlargement up to the heart insufficiency, generalized Arthrose particularly in recent age, Karpaltunnelsyndrom both sides, moving apart the teeth by enlargement of the Kiefers.
• Physical investigation (e.g. Size and weight)
• Hormone measurements and function tests (with clinical suspicion hormone investigations should be accomplished with a Endokrinologen before picture-giving procedures, since the picture-giving procedures result in frequently wrongly positive findings ("„Incidentalome "“)
• Picture-giving procedures
  • Radiograph of the Sella turcica in the since picture of the head
  • kraniale Computertomografie
  • Neuro Magnetresonanztomografie
  • Somatostatinrezeptor Szintigraphie

Related links

• http://www.druese.at
• http://www.med.mun.ca/anatomyts/head/pit.htm
• http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/WWW/MedFak/praepkurs/foliena1/hypophyse1.JPG
• http://www.med.uni-magdeburg.de/~cschulz/lectures/neuroendocrinology/hpa/sld001.htm
• http://www.glandula-online.de
• http://www.vollkornpapier.de/HypoPhyse

Articles in category "Hypophysis"

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