Ilja Iljitsch Metschnikow (Russian , Koseform Elie Metchnikoff; * 3. Mai/15. May 1845 in Iwaniwka with Charkiw, Ukraine; "† 2. Juli/15. July 1916 in Paris, France) was a Ukrainian zoologist, Anatom and a bacteriologist. He discovered the immune defense mechanisms of bacteria by the white blood corpuscles (Phagozytose) as well as the healing and fight of the Cholera. In the year 1908 it kept the Nobelpreis for medicine common with German Paul Ehrlich.

Life

Metschnikow was son of a retired officer and a writer daughter. Its career as scientists began with a misfortune: to the zoo log IE study in peppering castle it appeared one month too early - and traveled discouraged again off, before the term had at all begun. Instead it wrote itself 1862 at the university of Charkov, where it made two years later its conclusion than zoologist. Afterwards it tried it a second time in Germany: at the universities in pouring, Goettingen and Munich busy it itself among other things with the sexual and ungeschlechtlichen Vermehrung of the frog tapeworm Ascaris nigrovenosa.

A scholarship of its homeland made the work on sea-biological Institut von Neapel for it possible, where it researched together with a Russian colleague at sponges.

1867 got it a training order to the university of Odessa, where he spent however only a short time: Pc. Petersburg offered a Professur to it in the Zoologie and Metchnikoff followed the call to only go in order shortly thereafter again to Neapel. With its return after pc. Petersburg it got sick. Ludmilla Fedorowitsch, the daughter of a friend, maintained it friendly and after its recovery got engaged both. The wedding 1869 was overshadowed coined/shaped by Ludmillas of heavy Tuberkulose and their marriage years from the search to healing.

In the Italian La Spezia researched Metchnikoff to the Embryologie of the sea-stars. Further months in Odessa followed that. Hope for an effective cure led his wife and it after larva Irish Republican Army and was disappointed. Ludmilla died on 20 April 1873 and Metchnikoff purged to a depressive crisis. Its attempted suicide failed to the too low selected Morphiumdosis.

After the physical and mental recovery he dedicated himself to his scientific research again. In the year 1875 he worked the University of Odessa and married the young Olga Belokopitova. The controversy with colleagues, the political situation of its country, personal misfortunes and illness brought it to undertake a second attempted suicide. Metchnikoff infected itself with the blood one at relapse fever got sick in the acceptance that this illness was deadly. But after suffering their various symptoms it recovered again, lived themselves and continued to research - starting from 1882 in Messina (Sicily).

There it began its research over the Phagozyten. In the intestine fabric of sea anemone he discovered cells, which take up a coloring material, by inverting themselves amoeba-like around its particles. , Then the scientist assumed, would have similar procedures in the fight against pathogens to be involved. Pus actually formed around the needles of a Christmas tree, which it stung in sea-star larvae. Metchnikoff developed the term "„macro phages "“for such cells, which operate the dismantling of penetrated foreign bodies and that one with "„micro phage "“, which admits today as neutrophile Granulozyten is, marks. It is thereby first which described the meaning of these cells for the immune defense.

1887 met Metchnikoff in of Paris Louis Pasteur and requested a laboratory place in its straight newly established research institute. One year later it drew into the French capital and became 1904 Vizedirektor of the institute.

For the discovery of the Phagozytose it received 1908 together with Paul Ehrlich the Nobel price for medicine and physiology. Besides it attained admittingness with its research in the context of the Probiotik: Lactic acid-producing bacteria, as they occur in sour milk and yogurt, completely particularly however in Kefir, serve the life extension after its conceptions. Besides it concerned itself with different infections, among other things with the Syphilis, which it transferred to anthropoids, in order to have for the research an animal model.

1919 were created in Moscow the Metchnikoff institute for infections.

Works

• The Comparative Pathology OF Inflammation (1892)
• dans les maladies infectieuses (1901
• Immunity in Infectious Diseases), and sur la nature humaine (1903; The Nature OF one).
• Immunity in Infectious Diseases (1905)
• The Nature OF one (1938).

Sources

• Olga Meschnikow: "„Vie D' Elie Metschnikow 1845-1916, Paris 1920
• Microbe Hunters, by Paul DeKruif, Blue Ribbon, New York, 1926.
• Major Prophets OF Today, by Edward E. Slosson, Books for LIBRARies, Freeport, N.Y., 1968.
• The Thorn into the Starfish: the immune system and How it Works. by Robert S. Desowitz. W.W. Norton & CO. New York. 1987.

Related links

• http://webdoc.gwdg.de/ebook/a/2002/nobelcd/html/metschnikow3.htm short biography, German, with picture
• http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/37/1003734/1003734a1.htm - Kurzbiographie on Russian
• http://badis.narod.ru/home/ludi/ludi_mechnikov.html - longer Monographie on Russian with picture

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