As ink (lat.: tincta [aqua] = colored water) or india ink (india inks = lay black color on, taken out frz. more toucher =) designates one affects an intensively colored liquid for use in feather/spring keels, brushes or stylographs. Apart from the manual application during the writing, in the Kalligrafie and when drawing, ink blasting procedures of increasing importance, also automated, are in the text processing or tag. Ink consists usually of a solution or dispersions of coloring materials in water or other solvents, which contains few or no bonding agents. With the india ink it acts around a special form of ink, which is characterised by a very strong color and contains frequently a bonding agent.

History

Ink became in Egypt already around 3000 v. Chr., in China around 2600 v. Chr. used. Usual black ink was manufactured long time from soot and rubber water (rubber arabicum) and only around 1000 v. Chr. in the Far East by india ink (so-called Indian ink) replaces. This was manufactured from the soot of burned resinous wood coal and lamp oil and mixed, with a glue from gel, pressed and dried in bars. The india ink bar became with use so long with water rubbed, until the desired cover strength was reached, a method, which kept until today in the Kalligrafie.

An important invention in the 3. Century v. Chr. the production of the Eisengallustinte was by Abkochen of with Eisensulfat and following addition of rubber water. Eisengallustinte is considered as particularly steady and this very day as document-genuine ink is used.

Cicero reported for the first time of a prescription, with which the ink blisters were dried and by Tintenfischen. The brown-black coloring material won from it is designated and today to the colouring by food is used after the generic name Sepia.

In the Middle Ages some prescriptions with unterscheidlich colored pigments were developed. Thus one used arsenic tri sulfide, which was converted with mercury, in order goldfarbenes pigment to receive. The spreading of feather/spring keels led later also to the development of the thorn crust ink, which did not dry up as fast as Eisengallustinte and therefore more rarely clogged the feather/spring head. The latter remained however further particularly for long-term documentations and in archives the most frequently assigned prescription.

With the development of modern chemistry in 19. Century was discovered a multiplicity of coloring materials and used after possibility also for writing and painting. Since water-soluble coloring materials exhibit however often only a small light fastness and in addition are easily out washable, soon guidelines for the composition from ink developed to providing permanent documents. Thus 1856 were published for the first time a prescription for a Eisengallustinte, whose components became water insoluble after drying only and which contained an artificial, water-soluble coloring material, so that the lines were visible before drying up also.

Today a broad pallet at ink for different application type is available. By the invention of automated systems like the ink jet printer also ink became necessary, which special characteristics like free miscibility to be able to produce (in order different colours) and extremely quick drying times to unite.

Kinds of ink

Soluble ink

With soluble ink the coloring materials are chemically in the respective medium solved or as complex bound. Advantages are an easy management, since the coloring materials do not deposit (sedimentieren) can and also thin feathers/springs or nozzles are not clogged. The often only small light fastness and stability are unfavorable opposite chemicals.

Ink on water basis

Water-soluble ink is used particularly for writing or marking on paper, since by the paper do not strike aqueous ink and it does not depend here so much on the drying speed, because aqueous ink dries substantially more slowly than ink on basis of other solvents. Countries with high air humidity prefer therefore for applications to smooth surfaces ink on solvent basis.

Solvent-based ink

Solvent-based ink is used particularly for the letter on smooth surfaces (glass, foils, etc.). On papers it pierces much and runs. In question coming solvents are usually alcohol and ethyl acetate, in rare cases toluol and xylene. These solvents have the characteristic very fast, and independently of the air humidity to evaporate and to form thus faster a dry film.

Meanwhile of the German manufacturers as solvent basis only ethanol one uses, since this is health most harmless.

Insoluble ink and india inks

Pigmented ink

Pigments can separate contrary to the coloring materials not chemically in the medium, but are only, as for instance sand in water, mixed into a paste with (disperses). Pigmented ink have the advantage of a high color intensity, a high light fastness, a high water firmness and a chemical resistance (this is above all of importance, if ink should be document genuine). At disadvantages it is to be mentioned however that pigments set off relatively rapidly, why the pigments in ink must be particularly stabilized.

India ink

The composition of india ink is not uniformly defined, since "“india ink"” is legally not protected also as term. India inks however often contain a bonding agent, which lets the pigments cling well on the paper contrary to ink. This bonding agent can be an aqueous solution of shellac, or however water-soluble synthetic resins and boraxes. Water resistant india inks can be manufactured by use of shellac soap. Thus some india ink can be scraped off for example by means of a razor-blade of the paper. So-called "“artist india inks"” often consist of fine soot, which is shifted with shellac soap, water and control agents. In the asiatic india ink painting india inks are often used, which will angerieben before the use on special Reibestein with water.

Other ink

Shining ink

Shining the ink, which comes off fluorescence, as from the daylight spectrum a part invisible, short-wave UV light by the chromophore (colorgiving) system of the coloring material is absorbed and as visible, long-wave light is radiated. Since the luminous paint reflects thus more visible light than the environment, it appears bright us. This effect is mostly not to be observed under a normal lamp, since it has usually no UV portion, in contrast to it is extremely visible shining in the black light.

Gel ink

Into the 1990er years gel ink gained ever more significance. It concerns here around mostly pigmented, water-based ink, sometimes in addition, coloring material-based ink. The special at these ink is their rheology. Gel ink points a structure-viscous behavior, i.e. under effect of shearing stresses it becomes highly liquid, in peace is high-viscosity it. With gel pins the liquefaction takes place in the point via the write ball. That makes it particularly good suitable for the use of pigments, which are inclined in normal (thin) ink to the Sedimentieren. Pigmented gels have the advantage opposite the coloring material-based gels that the writing on damp paper does not out-bleed.

Since newest there are also liquid gels so mentioned. These gels are just as developed as the normal gel ink, are however substantially more highly liquid and therefore usually on coloring material basis. Opposite the classical gels they have the advantage that they write more softly and liquid (more "“liquid"”), by their lower viscosity better in the paper to penetrate and klecksen thus less.

Secret ink

Secret ink ink are called, which are either not visible or do not change their characteristics after some time. Already before approximately 2000 years secret ink were well-known, which became visible only after treatment with warmth (e.g. milk). Also ink, those only by means of suitable chemicals "“developed"” to become to be able or by means of special lamps visible to be made be able were later usual. Secret ink can as subsection of the Steganographie, to which secret writing are regarded. For some purposes there were later also first visible ink, which disappeared after some time and/or which changed their color. These are called due to their origin also lady ink.

Ink jet ink

The composition of Ink jet ink are different from manufacturer to manufacturer, usually secretly are held and are adapted to the respective devices and nozzles. Ink for ink jet printers must fulfill some technical requirements, to which the normal ink does not have to place itself. So this should not dry up in the print head, on the paper however must it comparatively extremely fast dry. The appropriate values for the drying speed are only the manufacturers well-known.

For most printers copied refilling ink or refilled original cartridges are offered. One should inform however about their light resistance and Farbtreue, which from the characteristics of the more expensive original ink differ can. Due to the large difference in prices between original and refilling cartridge the printer manufacturers proceed to the safety device of their paragraph often legally (patent law) or with marketing means against the partial considerable second sources and

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