Karl knight of freshness (* 20 November 1886 in Vienna; "† 12 June 1982 in Munich) was long time professor for Zoologie in Munich and is considered as one of the most important German-speaking behavior researchers. In the center of its work the study of the sensory perceptions of the honey bee and the way of the communication of these animals was located among themselves. For its achievements it was honoured 1973 together with Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen with the Nobelpreis for physiology or medicine. With the honor "“its discoveries were appreciated for the organization and release by individual and social behavior patterns"”.

Life

Karl von Frisch studied medicine in Vienna and Munich first and turned to the natural sciences only later. it attained a doctorate to 1910 to the Dr.phil. In the same year he came as an assistant to zoo-logical Institut of the University of Munich, where he became 1912 private lecturer in Zoologie and comparative anatomy; 1919 he was appointed a.o. the professor. 1921 went from freshness as full professor for Zoologie and a director of institute to the University of Rostock. 1923 it followed a call after Breslau, returned then however 1925 to the University of Munich, where it took over the line of the zoo-logical institute. To destruction of the there zoo-logical institute in the Second World War it went 1946 to the Karl Franzens university Graz, until it returned 1950 to reopening residents of Munich of the institute there. in addition, 1958 it was emeritiert, continued in the future its scientific research.

1962 he received the Balzan price for biology.

Karl von Frisch was married with Margarete, geb. Mohr; his son, Dr. Otto von Frisch, was of 1977 - 1995 director of the national nature-historical museum Braunschweig and of the 1970er-Fernsehserie of "“Paradiese of the animals"”.

Research results

Karl von Frisch examined the western honey bee (APIS Millifera Carnica).

That smell-internal found out that bees can differentiate between different flowering plants at the smell. Their sensitivity for the taste feeling is surprisingly sweet only little more strongly pronouncedly as with human being by the firm coupling of the olfaktorischen perception to the Tastsinn considers k.v.F a spatial Geruchswahrnehmenung of the bee possible.

The optical WahrnehmenungDas resolving power of the compound eye of the bee is strongly underlaid for that of the human eye. The compound eye is however suitable by a high temporal resolving power particularly well to notice movements. The color seeing of the bees is comparably however shifted to the red opposite that of humans. Therefore they can differentiate the color red only heavily from black. The basic colours white yellow, blue and violet can however unterschiednen to become. Far pigments the UV of portions to reflect know erweiteren the spectrum of the differentiable colors around two further. Several blooms, which appear to humans in the same yellow, can appear differently colored for bees because of the different ultraviolet portion.

The sense of orientation the investigations are important over the sense of orientation of the bees. Karl von Frisch found out that bees can recognize the desired directions in three different ways: The sun, which Polaristiosmuster of the blue sky as well as the Erdagnetfeld use whereby them the sun as prominent compass and which alternatives under the special conditions of the cloudy sun or the Dunktelheit of the Bienenstockes use.

The polarization sample recognizes the bee, by one UV each receptor in each compound eye and an UV filter, which is differently oriented in each eye. From scattered light in the blue sky results a characteristic sample of partly polarized light not visible for humans, which is dependent on the conditions of the sun. Here you are enough to recognize a small bit of blue sky around likewise the sample changing in the course of the day. This gives not only a direction but also time information.

The variation of the earth's magnetic field in the course of the day could be proven by K.v.F as guideline assistance of the bees. They use this ability, over in the dark Bienenstock comparable information about the Zeitverlauf like them from the position of the sun admit are. This makes possible to have to manufacture them the indication of direction in the always up-to-date to hold without with lengthening NREN dance phases an alignment with the sun. This gives likewise not only an alternative direction but also additional time information.

The internal clock the bee therefore has an internal clock with three different synchronisation or clock mechanisms. If the bee of a trip knows the direction of a fodder place in the morning, it finds to its direction on the basis the position of the sun also in the afternoon just like the exact time to this source fodder donates.

The horizontal adjustment WabenAuch the adjustment of the level of the building of honeycombs (e.g. the new honeycombs of a swarm), after K.v.F on the basis of the magnetic field in the same direction are developed as in the homeland stick of the swarm. In the experiment even in a circle distorted honeycombs could be proven.

The sense for LotrechteDie always perpendicular adjustment of the building of honeycombs leads K.v.F on the ability of the bees back the vertical one by the head and the "“pendulum"” formed from it in interaction with a wreath/ring from sensory cells in the neck range to recognize.

The as element of speech Realizations over found fodder places can be passed on from bee to bee. For this a special dance as communication medium, which arises in two forms, serves.

The round dance serves as information that the fodder place (without indication of direction) is in the closer periphery of the Bienenstocks, approximately in the distance of 50 to 100 meters. Through close contact of the bees thereby also information about the kind will hand over to the source of food (bloom smell).

The information about more distant sources of food is used however the The dancing bee on the perpendicularly hanging honeycomb in the Bienenstock moves a piece straightforward, runs back then in the semi-circle to the starting point, runs out the same distance again straight and describes then a semi-circle to the other side, on which the dance begins again from the front. On the straight distance the bee with the abdomen implements movements. The direction, in which the straight distance will go through, contains the information about the direction of the source of fodder. The angle, which the straight distance forms to Senkrechten, indicates exactly the angle, which the indicated flight direction with the conditions of the sun forms. The distance of the source of fodder is communicated to the straight distance per time unit by the speed of the dance, thus by the number of the runs. The other bees take up the information, by keeping close contact during the dance to the dancing bee and reconstructing their movements. They receive also over the sense of smell information about that general cargos finding there (kind of fodder, Pollen, Propolis and water) as well as its specific characteristics.

Orientation works altogether so well that the bees find a source of fodder with the help of the if they must fly a detour because of an obstacle, about a mountain lying between them.

K.v.F could not prove such. The sensitive perception of oscillations was however subordinated and accepted for Kommunikationj with the as given. Those confirm took place only later via Dr. Tauz

Language confusion the realizations were compiled by K.v.F by the majority with the Birenenrasse Carnica. Attempts with other races resulted in a race-specific of the elements of speech, so that distance and indications of direction vary strongly.

Karl von Frisch was obvious much to bring the results of its research also laymen. Thus developed the books "“dance language and orientation of the bees"” and - with newer research results - "“from the life of the bees"”.

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