With marshal (ahdt of. marahscalc, marshal, stable master or horse farmhand, compound up out marah, and scalc Schalk, servant) today one the highest or the highest military rank is designated.

In the USA one marks a function in the juridical system with marshal (United States Marshal) also. There the general OF the Army and general OF the air Force (five-star general) corresponds to the military marshal function, not to confound with army general (four-star general).

Symbol of rank is the marshal staff, that is formally along-lent.

In the holy Roman realm the office of the ore marshal belonged to German nation to the four offices for ore, which with the lay were connected. Like that the cure prince of Saxonia was the ore marshal of the Roman-German emperor. All this were however pure honour titles. , The actual tasks connected with the offices noticed representatively of the cure princes the owners of the so-called realm hereditary offices. The ore marshal was responsibly for sword stretchers at the king yard and he transferred in the transitional phase during a king choice as well as the Pfalzgrafen with Rhine (Erztruchsess) kommissarisch the guidance of the realm. The title ore marshal became by the golden bull 1356 as if to the dukes of Saxonia one lent.

Historical development

The marshal was first essentially in the Middle Ages one of the four and/or five old offices for yard, stable masters. From the upper supervision over the horses and thus over the mounted attendants on the one hand the supreme command of the marshal in the war and the guidance the knight shank developed and/or the land conditions, on the other hand an upper supervision over the entire yard nature with the arising of the knight armies, which led finally to the fact that the marshal took over the Obliegenheiten of the Truchsess, Mundschenks and kitchen master.

Above all he was also travel marshal and had for the guests to provide. In most German territories in the later Middle Ages these functions were distributed on different officials:

• Commander in chief became the field marshal,
• the line of the yard business and the jurisdiction received a yard marshal.

In this function it managed also the yard court. The nationalwonderful yard courts in Germany developed partly from the regional court personally led by the national gentleman as counts, partly from the land days and yard days. They had a often character, were occupied and by the marshal were with noble jurors. They were above all responsible for leaning things and for persons of knightly conditions.

• Function a special stable master.

"„The old "“marshal, whose office had in the meantime usually hereditary become, kept, except that it did the old services with coronations/culminations etc. still, in some territories only the presidency of the land conditions and/or the federal state parliament.

Later - since that 16. Century - was marshal of general titles of the commanders in chief of an army.

The ore marshal was one of the offices for ore of the holy Roman realm and was with one was connected, owners was the duke of Saxonia. With official causes however a deputy was sent, this was the hereditary marshal. It carried the realm sword for the again selected Roman-German king in front and had also with the following coronation/culmination meal a symbolic function.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe on 3 April 1764 eye-witness of the coronation/culmination Josephs II. to the Roman-German king in Frankfurt was mentioned, in addition in seal and truth I, 5

Before all vogue itself (...) the beautiful slim hereditary marshal on its Ross; he had put the sword down, held into its rights he a silver in accordance with going grandchild width units, and a moldboard in that linking, then he rode in the barriers on large heaps of oats too, blew up inside, scooped the container overful, scraped it off and carried it with large Anstande again back. The imperial Marstall was now supplied.

Later the title of a marshal nearly only than honour titles for separate-end opportunities lent. Good example for this is a prince Philip battery mountain, the man of the English queen Elizabeth II. he is - honour for the sake of marshal of the Royal air Force, field - marshal of the British Army, field - marshal of the Australian Military Forces and marshal that new Zealand Army. In addition, with this not necessarily military title frequently successful military leaders were honoured. Most well-known here the marshal of France and the award of the title are realm marshal at Hermann by Adolf Hitler. Further example are to be taken from the following list.

Marshals in different countries

In the course of the time the title of the marshal of a office title developed to a military and an honour title, whose assignment has to do hardly more with its original contents. The following overview gives an overview of it like this title in different countries in the world is used and/or became.

Brazil

In Brazil marshal Manuel Deodoro had become Fonseca 1889 the founder of the republic, its successor became marshal Floriano Vieira Peixoto there (* 1839, "† 1895). Further marshals were Secretary of Defense Denys or the presidents Eurico Gaspar Dutra and Humberto Castelo Branco (1964-67). Rank corresponds however about only to the army general or colonel general.

Great Britain

In Great Britain, Australia and Canada the rank marshal is used in the Royal air Force in place of the rank general (air marshal). The four highest ranks read (whereby first and highest in times of peace were abolished):

• Marshal OF the Royal air Force
• Air Chief Marshal
• Air Marshal
• Air Vice Marshal

Up to the Second World War it gave the rank of a Field Marshal also in the British Army, to the army. Well-known British field marshals were:

• Arthur Wellesley, 1. Duke of Wellington
• Fitzroy Somerset, 1. Baron Raglan
• Colin Campbell, 1. Baron Clyde
• Robert Cornelis Napier, 1. Baron Napier von Magdala
• Frederick Sleigh Robert, 1. Earl Roberts
• Evelyn Wood
• Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1. Earl Kitchener OF Khartoum
• Garnet Joseph Wolseley, 1. Viscount Wolseley OF Cairo
• Frederick Rudolf Lambart, 10. Earl OF Cavan
• Philip Walhouse Chetwode, 1. Baron Chetwode
• Berne pool of broadcasting corporations Law Montgomery, 1. Viscount Montgomery OF Alamein

Today this rank in the British army is used honour for the sake of, a transport does not only take place. English side with the list British the march all

Prussia, Germany

Only as a general field marshal:

• Prussian army (1871 ago)
• imperial army (until 1918)
• Armed forces (1935-1945).

In the realm resistance 1920-1935 there was not this rank. The armed forces could do 1938-45 only general field marshals. In the today's German Federal Armed Forces (since 1955) this rank is not used likewise.

Further details see: General field marshal and realm marshal

Marshal of the GDR

The rank Marshal of the GDR became in the national People's Army to 25. March 1982 (just like the rank fleet admiral parallel to the rank army general) imported. To the appointment as the Marshal of the GDR it would have come however only in the case of defense or with special military achievements on resolution of the Council of State of the GDR by its chairmen. This rank would have been thus the highest of the GDR.

The rank Marshal of the GDR was never lent. This was however intended for the deceased Minister for national defense of the GDR, army general Heinz Hoffmann. The posthume award was however never carried out.

Secretary of Defense Theodor Hoffmann created 1989 the ranks fleet admiral and marshal of the GDR again off, he was only Vizedamiral and during his appointment to the admiral (underneath the fleet admiral parallel to the colonel general) was at the same time carried.

Marshal of Finland

On 4 June 1942 Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim of the honour titles of the marshal from Finland became to its 75. Birthday lent. Before it became to 19. May 1933 appointed the field marshal. This in connection with that 15 taken place. Memory year of the completion of the war for the independence from Soviet Russia in the year 1918.

Marshal of France

Rank marshal of France, frz. de France, was created around 1190 by Philipp IITH for Clment.

Further details see: Five-star general, marshal by France and Ferdinand Foch

Articles in category "Marshal"

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