Obligation memberships can apply to natural or legal entities. The obligation to the membership is a national instrument, in order to secure the existence from institutions to, to which national tasks were assigned.

Obligation memberships exist in Germany and Austria among other things within the following ranges:

• occupation-legal control
  • Manufacturing ones (Chamber of Commerce and industrie), in Austria chamber of economics
  • Crafts enterprises (chamber of trade)
  • free occupations (pharmacist chamber, architectural association, physician chamber, notaries' association, bar, tax counsel chamber, Landwirtschaftskammer
• Social security
  • Artist, physicians, pharmacist, lawyers (e.g. Supplying cashes and professional associations)
• Studierendenschaften (in Austria: High pupil shank)

Many concerning feel these obligation memberships as unjustified coercive measure, since they are the opinion to be able to draw for the not insignificant contributions no direct use from it. The legal conception consists however of the fact that occupation-legal control is exercised with certain occupations not by the supervision of trade, but by the verkammerten occupation members themselves. Since this direct influence of the individual chamber member however purely theoretical nature is, the chamber nature is experienced as expensive, economiceconomics, strange apparatus. In case of the abolishment of chambers with the expensive obligation membership would have (control) - tasks of the institutions concerned again by the state by supervisory authorities to be taken over.

In addition, it appears quite justified to e.g. see the chambers of the handicraft as a modern variant of the medieval trade guilds. The guild orders formed in the time at that time with the political order a verwobenes, regionally different system of the market bulkheading, paired with a social security system of the handicraft which is missing at that time. The affiliation to the guild was not surface covering obligation, but a continuous, economically successful practice of activity relating to crafts were not actually (and this completely particularly applies in the cities) without the guild affiliation possible.

With in the nineteenth century the using social, economic and technical changes gradually the freedom of trade spread. By the aggravation of the old realm handicraft ordinance of 1731 under the national socialism, again the condition thinking was strengthened by the introduction of the "“Arisierung"” and the "“large certificate of competency"” (master's certificate). The handicraft ordinance existing today develops in substantial parts on this revised realm handicraft ordinance of the third realm and continues their fundamental thought beginnings.

To what extent here typically state-German adjustment will can become generally accepted as a sign of confidence lacking into the adjusting forces of the work and market systems durably on European level, remains questionable. A retreat of the state on an intervening Kraft to the protection from abuse, social disadvantage, endangerment of lives and health etc. appears here at least consider worth.

In Austria 1995 tunings were accomplished over the retention of the obligation membership at different bodies of the public right (chamber of economics, chamber for employees' welfare etc.). The obligation membership by the respective members with (partly more overwhelming) majority were confirmed.

Articles in category "Obligation membership"

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