Organization theories have to explain and understand the purpose organizations - their developing, their existence and their function mode -. It exists a multiplicity of different organization theories, since organizations are high-complex social things and the article the subject of the organizational theory is very broad. Are alike to all beginnings their object area, the organizations and its objective. However the different beginnings seize only in each case certain aspects. Organization theories are to serve the improvement of organization practice.

Classical beginnings

Bureaucracy beginning

As substantial beginning the bureaucracy beginning of the German sociologist max of webers (1864-1920) can be called, which particularly organizations formal in the USA for explanation one consulted. Weber understands an efficient organization form, which is characterized by division of labor, office hierarchy, rules and standards to the task fulfilment and documentaryness of the administration by bureaucracy.

Up to the today's day max of weber bureaucracy beginning remained a high point of the organizational theory. In the sixties this beginning entrance into the economical organization teachings found.

Scientific management or Taylorismus

This beginning was coined/shaped particularly by the intensified use of machines and standardized mass productions (industrielle revolution). Before this background a need of management manuals developed for the organization of the new factories and Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) developed the beginning of the Scientific management. A goal was to be increased it both the productivity of the workers and the efficiency of the management.

Its management principles contained the following 5 components: Separation from hand and head work, analysis of the human work in time-studies, differential wage system, definition of the daily work load and function master system.

Administration and management teachings

The administration and management teachings were developed in the USA and in Great Britain and can be attributed to the work of the Frenchman Henri Fayol (1841-1925).

Primarily questions of the giving up and department formation and the co-ordination are located in the center. Questions of the administration and problems of the management were the center of attention therefore. The catalog of management functions represented an important part of the teachings, which advance planning, organization, placing of order, co-ordination and control contained.

A further important point of its teachings was the principle of the unit of the placing of order. This means that a place subordinate in the hierarchy can receive instructions only in each case from a superordinate instance. In order to avoid however the disadvantage of long information paths, Fayol leaves the contact between of equal standing positions too (Fayol bridge).

Economical organization teachings

Major item: Economical organization teachings

The economical organization teachings, a partial discipline of the management economics, are a German topic and developed starting from 1930. Starting points were above all the work of Nordsieck around 1930, from which the structure and sequence organisation developed. Just like Nordsieck also Erich Kosiol places the task into the center of his views. In this connection also the term of the subject of function was coined/shaped. An advancement and the conclusion of this beginning took place via Grochla.

Behavior-oriented beginnings

Relation beginningbeginning relation beginning

The origin of this beginning are the Hawthorne experiments, in which the conditions of work were examined for the work. The core statement of this beginning is that humans are a social nature and function after own laws. Hence it follows that a positive attitude in relation to the work, which members to a high satisfaction leads of the organization and the superior. This satisfaction causes again a high work.

Motivation-theoretical beginnings

Following the relation movementmovement relation movement developed a research direction, which has the human behavior to the article. Mainly the connection between motivation and/or frustration, satisfaction and achievement is examined.

As representatives above all Maslow are to call Douglas McGregor and heart mountain. Maslow developed the need pyramid and classified the action-determining motives of humans into a five-stage pattern. Douglas McGregor assumed with his X-theory and/or Y-theory each guidance decision is coined/shaped by a certain people picture. The core statement of the two-factor theory of heart mountain means however that work contents, thus the hygiene factors and the Motivatoren, considerably determine the motivation.

Decision-oriented beginnings

Decision-logical-oriented beginnings

The decision-logical-oriented beginning tries to solve organizational organization problems by mathematical algorithms or in the form of verbal decision models. However mathematical procedures exhibit as large weakness that they consider only few variables with certain secondary conditions.

Decision-making process-oriented beginnings

Decision-making process-oriented beginnings see systems in organizations, in which decisions must be made and coordinated. The decision behavior is affected thereby substantially by the organisational structure.

Situative of beginnings

Analytic variants and pragmatic variants

The situativen beginnings of the organizational theory developed in the USA and in England Mitter of the 60's. A goal of such beginnings is uncovering the connections between the organizational theory, the behavior of the organization members, efficiency of the organization and the respective Situtation.

The situative beginning formulates its statements in limitation statements. There is therefore no optimal form of the organization. Differences becomes into analytic variants, where it concerns the pursuit to a theoretical knowledge goal and pragmatic variants, where in the center the formulation of organization possibilities and organization recommendations is located.

See also: Situativer beginning.

System-oriented beginnings

System-theoretical-cybernetic beginning

The system theory goes on the Austrian biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901-1972). This theory serves for the explanation of processes of growth, the adjustment and the self regularization. The cybernetics as science of the control and regulation of systems however, was justified by the American Norbert Viennese (1894-1964).

Both spreading sciences are the basis ways of thinking, which are often charkterisiert as genzheitliches thinking and/or steering element of systems. Core statement is that social systems have the ability for self organization and develop here behavior rules further. Therefore structures develop automatically after the system theory and the cybernetics.

Soziotechni beginning

The concept of soziotechnischer systems was justified at the beginning of the 50's by Eric Trist. To be increased its request was the achievement it the work to be arranged at the same time more human and. The soziotetechnische beginning regards organizations as open systems, whose major task represents the transformation of inputs in outputs. Humans, work, organization and technology are regarded thereby in principle as equivalent.

Literature

• Alfred Kieser (Hrsg.): Organization theories. 5. Edition. W. Kohl hammer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-17-017917-9
• Alfred Kieser, Peter Walgenbach (Hrsg.): Organization. 4. Edition. Poeschl, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-7910-2242-3
• George Axel v. Werder (Hrsg.): Hand dictionary - management and organization. Poeschl, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-7910-8050-4
• Manfred training to living: Organization. 4. Edition. Vahlen, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-8006-3205-5
• Erich Frese (Hrsg.): Hand dictionary of the organization. 3. Edition. Poeschl, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-7910-8027-X
• Elke Weik/Rainhart long (Hrsg.): Modern organization theories 1. Action-oriented beginnings. 2. Edition. Gabler, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-409-21874-2
• Helmut Kasper/Wolfgang Mayrhofer (Hrsg.): Personnel management, guidance, organization. 2. Edition. Ueberreuter, Vienna 1996, ISBN 3-7064-0248-3

Related links

• Markus: http://www.ub.uni-konstanz.de/kops/volltexte/1999/336/
• Organization theories as basis for learning organizations: http://www.vordenker.de/gerald/orgtheorie.html

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