Principal one is a term, which in the economic science, which is differently used sociology, in addition, in the colloquial language. A capital is the landed property, on which one e.g. develops a company or other money-increasing measures, so that one refers profit from the Vermehrung of the capital.

Principal one in the political economy

In the political economy "“capital"” is one of the three factors of production, beside "“work"” and "“soil"”.

One differentiates between the following "“capitals"” of a national economy:

• Material capital (capital stick)
• Human capital
• Natural resources
• Technological knowledge

It possesses - like other economic goods - the characteristic of the scarceness. From the characteristic of the scarceness the interest on capital develops. The interest on capital is the use fee of the capital. The scarceness of the capital can have been natural origin or produce artificially. The capital is passed on only against a use fee, the interest on capital. The owner of non--capital must exchange work for the interest on capital. If this exchange relationship is disturbed, Wirtschaftskrisen.Der owner of capital develops can the use of its capital also refuse. It can require a too high use fee or refuse the use completely.

There capital (see below) fortunes is economical, can it at the market on the offer side in few hands or in only one hand be concentrated ("“Kapitalkonzentration"”), arises then thus as oligopoly or even monopoly. This favorable position can be understood as an additional "“capital"”.

Principal one in the economical Gesamtrechnung (VGR)

In the VGR usually of the fortune, less of capital one speaks (e.g. Net assets, fixed assets, in addition, capital stick, gross and net financial resources). If one looks for overall economic data over "“capital"”, one must look thus in the VGR for data over "“fortunes"”.

Principal one in the marxism

With Karl Marx is capital an amount of money G, which is invested, in order to back-get more moneys G'. Contrary to the political economy capital is not with Marx a factor of production, this would thus correspond to means of production, but a certain value, that with the goal is invested of obtaining increase in value.

The capital formula after Marx is:

G - W"… P"… W' - G'

Money G is invested in goods W. The goods W are used in the production process P as means of production and paid human work, in order to create new goods W'. The points are to represent that the circulation process of the goods is interrupted here. By the human work thereby the value of the goods will receive W and an additional value added. A new value is added, since the human work more value creates, than the owner of the worker, who hired hand receives, for his worker as wages paid off. Thus the value of the goods is W' more highly than the value of W and the goods W' for the equivalent in money G' is sold.

The capital goes through thus different forms, it goes through different metamorphosis:

• G available capital
• W goods capital
• P productive capital
• W' goods capital
• G' available capital

To the profit p applies: p = G' - G

and to the profit rate p' applies:

p' =

In the capitalism analysis of Karl Marx capital also "“run work"” one calls, if one takes off on the fact that capital is the value of means of production such as building, machines, materials etc. The value of these means of production determines itself like the value of all goods in accordance with the work value teachings according to too their production necessary work time. To that extent one can speak of "“more run"”, "“dead"” etc. work, which is in these means of production in it.

"“Lohnarbeit creates capital, i.e. it creates property, which exploits and only on this condition increase can the Lohnarbeit that it produces new Lohnarbeit, around it again to exploit"”. Marx' Hauptwerk the capital is probably the most famous to the political economics.

Principal one is a joint product and privately acquired in capitalism. The Lohnarbeit is the basis of capital. The Lohnarbeit creates increase in value, this divides on into individual Konsumtionsfonds of the capitalists and into a so-called accumulation fund. Principal one is thus both: "“A part of the increase in value of the capitalist used accumulated as Revenue verzehrt, another part than capital or."” (The capital, Bd. I 7. Absch. Accumulation process of the capital) although the capital is made by humans, the product of human work is, seems it nevertheless opposite humans own forces to have, similarly as a Fetisch opposite humans, who believe in it, special forces exhibits. Marx speaks therefore of the Kapitalfetisch beside the money and Warenfetisch.

In detail Marx differentiates still

• constant capital of variable capital and
• fixed capital of circulating capital

as well as different compositions of the capital:

• technical composition of the capital.
• Value composition of the capital
  • By the latter the organic composition of the capital, mentioned by Marx into the capital also prime route only composition of the capital, is a special case.

A further distinction of different kinds of capital:

• Industrial capital (profit of the industrial capital)
• Commercial capital (profit of the commercial capital)
• Financial capital
  • Available capital, capital bearing interests (interest as part of the increase in value)
  • fictitious capital

Important tendencies of the capital are with Marx those

• Centralization as well as those
• Concentration

Principal one in the management economics

In the closer economical sense "„capital is "“a werthaltige thing, which is used for the enlargement of its own value (money buys work and means of production, in order to sell the product with profit; to set or it as credit assigned around an identical business on). In the balance it is booked accordingly on the credit side.

One can therefore divide principal ones into:

• Available capital (cash or Buchgeld)
• Special capital also goods mentioned (for example machines, apples, telephones)
• Claim to capital (for example demands, proof of indebtness, credits, shares, derivatives)

Human capital takes a privileged position. From economic view is human capital:

• theoretically not increasable special capital (the Vermehrung of humans hardly obeys economic needs)
• practically increasable special capital (the number of humans is at present much larger than the economic need according to it. The value of the human capital is produced often only by education and is therefore increasable with the strength of the education.)

Social capital represents an advancement of the human capital concept in newer economiceconomics views, since it regards the informal and institutionalized relations between the participants as carrier of capital.

From the capital to to differentiate are the real property, thus the order above ground and soil as well as there degradable raw materials: Here no value becomes larger, but the need to business factory sites, field, dwelling, mining industry, to raise etc. used around an interest for the use.

The fact that one can classify some capital under claim to capital, is very dangerous. If capital = claim to capital is, then this can be again claim to claim to capital and that again claim to claim to claim to capital etc., so that this "“claim chain"” can end in itself. In this case the value of this capital, but only of the discretion of the evaluating market participants depends however not longer on outside factors.

A further capital term in the closer economic sense is the buchhalterische capital term, which seizes the special computational collection of the capital. The static view of balance interprets the balance as a balance on capital account. The passive side shows own capital funds and outside capital (central origin), while the assets side the pieces of property, in which the capital is put on and which represent covering for the capital, points out (utilization of funds).

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