Profiler (Kriminalistik) / Kriminalistik

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A Profiler provides author profiles. One calls the activity profiling or operational drop analysis. The Profiler provides a characteristic feature and personality picture of an unknown offender on the basis indications, traces at the scene and the circumstances of the criminal offence. The terms Profiler and Profiling lead themselves from profile, franz. outlined, side view and from Italy. profilo, profile acres = outline off.

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Historical development

Preliminary stages

Already in the antiquity one began to develop typologies. Certain personality characteristics should explain and possibly predict crimes. First beginnings are in 5. Jhdt. v. Chr. with the founder of the modern medicine Hippokrates. The organization of the human personality into Phlegmatiker, Sanguiniker, Melancholiker and Choleriker was drawn up 1798 by Immanuel Kant examined in his "anthropology, in pragmatic regard, second part, Anthropologi characteristic, Hamburg 1798".

The Italian physician and Anthropologe Cesare Lombroso developed NATO as trailer of the Darwinismus 1876 the science of deliquento - from the born criminal. After his face courses, after social, mental and physical characteristics the "born criminal" should have to be recognized. Lombrosos theories were already disputed during its lifetimes violently.

1921 were enriched the Kriminalbiologie by the constitution biology something of the German psychiatrist Ernst Kretschmer come into oblivion. A slope to certain criminal offences or offenses, e.g. , which was at that time still criminally pursued, Kretschmer arranged certain figure types too (he differentiated between Pykniker, Leptosom, Athletiker and Dysplastiker). In practice these realizations were not confirmed, what did however little abort to its spreading.

Current developments

The operational drop analysis of particularly trained further experienced policeman, Kriminalisten (not Kriminologen) and unite few psychologists accomplished (see in addition the official statement Federal Bureau of Criminal Investigations "as can I Profiler "). In Germany there is a row at the Federal Criminal Investigation Office Federal Bureau of Criminal Investigations and with the state criminal police agencies LKA from operational drop analysts. (On the right of) psychological institutes of the universities are consulted if necessary as scientific experts, e.g. by research contracts (third central projects) for evaluation.

In the USA Profiler are trained among other things at the FBI in the academy in Quantico. In addition, there are innumerable, most different private institutes for training, since the term and also the there market are not protected. So also police stations are to a large extent independent whether they consult external Consultants with cases (therefore it is also possible (and not uncommonly!)that an agency engangiert e.g. with a kidnap case a fortune-teller as an advisor).

The Profiling is not an American invention; Author profiles were used already in former times by in all world. The term Profiler was coined/shaped however 1978 by Robert Ressler, the director/conductor of the department of behavior research FBI. Whereby there are different persons, those the method, as also stresses the naming for itself.

At kriminalistischen auxiliary techniques of professional-learn among other things DNA analysis and Daktyloskopie begun.

Literature

Shrubs, Th. P. & Kleihege, H. (2003). Quality standard and practical use of written author profiles. In: Lorei, C. (Hrsg.) police & psychology, Frankfurt: Publishing house for police science, 175 - 186
Shrubs, Th. P. (2002). Again and again killing (review too: Finch, P (2001) again and again killing: Series murderer and providing author profiles (2. completely durchges. Edition), Hilden: Publishing house German police literature), monthly review for Kriminologie and penal reform, 85 (4), 319-329
Shrubs, Th. P. & Scholz, O.B. (2001). The generation of empirical author profiles: One post office hoc classification by the example of the killing of the intimate partner. In: Wolfgang Bilsky and Cordula (Hrsg.), vocational fields of the right psychology. Documentation of the 9. Work meeting of the specialized group right psychology in the German society for psychology (DGPs) at the William university of 13. - 15 September 2001 [CD-ROM], Westf¤li William university
Shrubs, Th. P. & Scholz, O.B. (2001). The rule-led generation of psychological author profiles: One post office hoc classification by the example of the killing of the intimate partner. Kriminalistik, 55 (8-9), 549-556
Heike (2004): Analysis of a blackmailer letter, Frankfurt: Publishing house for police science