Period of promoterism [2 / 2]

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Vienna, the main and Residenzstadt of emperor Franz Joseph, become starting from 1850 - after the failed March revolution of 1848 - by the incorporation of the suburbs and/or the influx Hunderttausender, particularly from and the sixth-largest town with millions of inhabitants of the world. The struggle race is built in place of the old Stadtmauer, to housing and - speculation to flower, and by the risen meaning of trade and handicraft wealthy, and in relation to the rather agrarianeconomically dependent aristocracy and the workers without means, powerful middle class become sits down with buildings of splendour of historicism and later art nouveau of monuments.

A first high point of the optimistic high bloom of the liberalism in the Austria-Hungarian K.u.k. - Monarchy represented the time of 1867 up to the collapse of the stock market 1873. After the recessions around 1880 and 1890 began around 1895 by the revolutionary developments of mechanical engineering, which chemical industry and electro-technology one epoch of the boom and the cultural bloom, which bark however by the rising nationalnational separate ion efforts of the many peoples of the Habsburgermonarchie and approaching the First World War a feeling of degeneration, Dekadenz and a vague world pain of the Fin de and/or Epoque yielded. Straight this life feeling coined/shaped the Viennese schools in the science, in architecture the Viennese Secession and the Viennese workshop and in the process the Viennese modern trend. The erotische novel Josefine Mutzenbacher and the works Arthur Schnitzlers or Karl Krauss describe very closely the social happening.

New social problems resulted to tightened former farmhands and farm servants, who lived in the developed tenement houses to high rents, at best on rooms and kitchen with water and toilet at the course, schlechtestenfalls with 10 persons in a Kleinstwohnung, in poor conditions from the strong housing demand and the Proletarisierung from the country or the provinces of the monarchy. In addition it came that the Habsburger state financed its armament programs particularly over consumer taxes and also therefore the inflation enormously rose. Even small officials were not any more able to deny their living costs with the help of its content. Often the money was enough to use in addition, only for an accommodation as that its camp only for certain times was allowed. Price increase protests continued up to the outbreak of war 1914 and led in the autumn 1911 to mass riots.

Young girls hired themselves typically as housemaids or with small or large citizen, men as factory hands or Who had luck, the ascent to course, post office created or in the bureaucracy "“cutterhead miller Vienna"” and could perhaps even a summer-resort in the Viennese forest afford.

Architecture

This very day there is in many German cities a large number of housings from the period of promoterism, which cover often whole road courses or boroughs. They developed for the influx of the in the urban and industriellen centers of dense development starting from 1870 considering the rapidly growing population and. As end of the period of promoterism style the outbreak of the First World War must be seen 1914 and/or value paging at the end of the Kaiser era 1918.

Typically for the architectural style, so-called period of promoterism architecture, usually of private Wohnungsbaugesellschaften established about four to block wing tip edge building with its richly decorated fronts is, their single forms the individual Neostilbewegungen 19. Century follow (neo-gothic style, Neorenaissance, German Renaissance, Neobarock). Frequently period of promoterism architecture is called falsely also art nouveau. Of the war as far as possible are spared, closed for Germany unusually received ensemble for example in Frth, Leipzig and Bonn, which have to exhibit a large connected period of promoterism quarter with the southern part of the town.

The fronts should reflect not only in their size and their respective wealth, but also in their geschossigen structure the social position of their inhabitants. So for instance the first floor and/or the Hochparterre was called usually "“Bel floor"” and was reserved with their particularly high covers and its rich stucco ornaments the wealthier middle class. The social position of the inhabitants with removing storey height became upward usually ever smaller. The highest floor with its often only hatch-like small windows was usually inhabited by the Dienstboten and other members of the lower social layers.

Established in many residential areas developed again within the block wing tip edge building in and backyards often numerous further accomodation for the workers, frequently also in spatial proximity to the work and workshops. The overcrowded one-room apartments of the working class with its often miserablen and health-endangering unhygienischen housing conditions became of some Reformern since end 19. Century much deplores. They have among other things the ideas of the garden city movement (see in addition Ebenezer Howard) and so some reform project in Germany accelerates.

In particular under the key word"” air, light and sun "“became in 20's in polarize-mix propagandistic intention these backyard housing conditions, in particular the citizen of Berlin period of promoterism quarter, when Gegenbild uses, the reason of the now often line-like arranged solidiums in the altogether loosened up building of settlements of the new Sachlichkeit (for example the settlement Dammerstock of walter Gropius and Otto Haeseler or the horse-shoe settlement of Bruno thaws).

The refusal of period of promoterism architecture accelerated and served the ideas "„of modern "“architecture the far beyond 20's after the Second World War to the town construction and reconstruction over many decades the representatives"” of the modern town construction "“still until the end of the 60's as Gegenleitbild for the establishment of the satellite cities. In German large cities numerous period of promoterism quarters in the course were torn off perfectly by total reorganizations and replaced through free standing of single block or multistoried building architectures (for example outline and new building of the Hansaviertels in Berlin 1957; the almost complete outline of the entire city center was planned). The external stucco elements were reduced from single mansions and the fronts instead with yellow clinker disguised.

End of the 60's developed however increasing criticism at such "„reorganizations "“, at the functionalism generally as also to the obvious inhospitableness of the modern postwar town construction. At the beginning of the 70's therefore the further outline of period of promoterism architecture was stopped. Many of these buildings were placed under monument protection and one turned into for the more careful reorganization of the built volumes still remained. Since then urban period of promoterism architecture is rediscovered into their living form desired by the wealthy middle class as special and was led in the meantime to the fact that in to 70's the 50's established the blocks of flats and satellite cities became accomodation of the poorer social classes.

The relations of the quarters created at that time are later felt also concerning town construction as human and pleasantly. The relation from building height to road width as well as the presence of mixed development areas (living and trade) and shop surfaces contributes to it.