Carrier

Carriers of the public administration are the federation, the Lands of the Federal Republic and the municipalities. If the administration is exercised by federation and countries, one speaks of direct public administration. For this also public utilities and own establishments are counted. Are assigned organizational like legally independent units, one speaks of indirect public administration. Such carriers were divided into

• Bodies (e.g. Chambers, universities)
• Institutes (e.g. public transmitters)
• Donations of the public right (e.g. for museums)
• Beliehene (bewidmete) entrepreneur or craftsman of private right (e.g. one dam-gnaw, a chimney sweep master, a or a DEKRA).

Between national and local administration strictly one separates: Except for few exceptions a common administration is not permissible.

The public administration is almost exclusively in the executive organized. Also the other two Gewalten have their own administration to limited extent: Example of the legislation is the Bundestag administration or the Office of the President of the Federal republic. The Judikative busily as own clerks the judge and state lawyers active in Germany. Altogether the public administration employs about 4.8 million an official, employee and worker (these and all following numbers are based on the conditions of September 2004).

Federal administration

The federal administration is entrusted with the execution of all affairs, which fall after the Basic Law under the competence of the federation. It has altogether 315,500 coworkers. These distribute themselves up:

• the foreign service (8.700)
• the federal financial administration (48.000)
• the German Federal Armed Forces and defense administration (135.000)
• the Federal Border Police/federal police (38.000)
• the Federal Criminal Investigation Office/federal police (4.500)
• the water and navigation administration (17.000).

In addition come 186,600 soldiers, who not when members of the administration are seized, but are subordinate to the Ministry of Defense.

Beside the federal administration the Federal Government has an organizational separated, own administrative machinery of altogether 23,000 officials.

The Federal administration delivered a substantial portion of its officials since 1990: First the post office reform transferred all persons employed of the into the units under private law of post office, Telekom and Postbank, with the course reform the former authority of the Federal Ministry of Transport into private structures was likewise transferred.

Landesverwaltungen

Since the countries are entrusted with the by far largest part of the functions of the administration in Germany, the Land authorities and the attached enterprises from personnel strength are the outstanding part of the public administration. In the 16 German Landesverwaltungen work 2.3 million humans, in detail:

• in the financial administration of the countries (153.600)
• in the universities (237.900)
• in schools and the before-school education (817.400)
• in the legal protection and the court administration (189.700)
• in the police (273,600, of it 228,000 enforcement officer)
• in the other administrations (601.100).

For the universities only those are indicated publicly to persons employed. Altogether 488,700 persons employed work and in them the attached hospitals again 189,200 of coworkers on universities.

Due to their size the Landesverwaltungen are often hierarchically partitioned. Below the Ministry rank highest Land authorities, national upper authorities, state support authorities and lower Land authorities. In addition in some surface countries such as North Rhine-Westphalia and Bayern exist governmental districts, whose administrations hold the rank of a range-spreading central authority (so-called "“bundling authority"” contrary to the "“specialized authority"”). The countries administer the court apparatus over the judicial authorities also including the penal institutions. Only the iurisdiction is subordinated the Judikative.

Municipal administrations

The cities and municipalities in Germany maintain public administrations, which are subordinate not to the public administration, but only their supervision. This right of self-government is guaranteed them in the Basic Law. Nevertheless in the municipal administrations national affairs of order are transferred. Local administrative activities can be partitioned as follows:

• Freiwillige tasks such as baths, penalty, theatre etc.
• Tasks of obligation without instruction: Schools and kindergartens, river, gas, water, garbage disposal etc.
• Tasks of obligation after instruction: Social welfare assistance, rent subsidy, fire-brigade, civil defense, Gemeindewahlen etc.
• National affairs of order: Census, person liable for military service collection, elections to the Bundestag and federal state parliament.

Cities can be circle-free or unite to circle federations, in order to be able to master superordinate tasks (in particular tasks of obligation) more effectively. Beside circles further local federations exist for special tasks, from which the most important landscape federations are. The control committees of these bodies occupy local representatives, to be financed them over reallocations from the local households. Summarized the municipal administrations employ 1.57 million coworker divided on the ranges:

• general administration (249.000)
• public security and order (115.000)
• Schools (128.000)
• Science, research and culture (86.000)
• social safety device (281.000)
• Health, sport and recovery (84.000)
• Building and housing, traffic (138.000)
• Public mechanisms, promotion of economy development (155.000)
• Hospitals (278.000)
• other (58.000).

Indirect public administration

Ranked among indirect public administrations mechanisms, which are not subordinate directly to the public administration, but their tasks on trust to be responsible for. They are not therefore instruction, but to the public orders were bound, they were therefore furnished. Thus they represent no authorities strictly speaking, are organized however as public mechanisms and employ personnel, who differs in its legal status not from in authorities. Altogether the indirect public service counts 488,000 coworkers, who divide themselves as follows:

• Carrier of the legal old age pension insurance (73.000)
• Carrier of the legal ill and nursing care insurance (139.000)
• Carrier of the legal accident insurance (30.000)
• Federal scarce shank (14.000)
• Federal Bank (16.500)
• Employment administration (92.000)
• other (123.500).

Administrative reform

Against the role, which public administrations notice, identify the new political economics behaviors, which do not serve always the public interest. In the reality administrations are frequently under. Economical Einsparpotenziale is consciously concealed. Also the own field of activity is overrated and it gives false estimates often by the restrictingness of the own activity spectrum of the administration. Information advantages however are used. The reform of the public administration employs the administration and the administrative sciences, as well as a not insignificant number of consulting firms as administrative reform (S. there) - not to the KGSt (local community place for administrative simplification) forgets.

Examples

Examples of public administrations: The tax office, the office for order, the Ministry of Defense.

See also

• Administration
• Administrative unit
• Authority
• Professional school of the federation for public administration

Related links

• Public Sector/E Government Competence center of the Competence Site
• www.verwaltung-brandenburg.de - common Internet appearance of municipalities in the country Brandenburg
• amtswege.de - the citizen portal to all administrative and services

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