Public work, or also Public relation [] (PR), three designates:

• a term for the management of communication of organizations, seized far,
• a vocational field understood during a process of increasing Professionalisierung,
• as social phenomenon the the subject of a science, which out-differentiates itself in the area of conflict from communication and economic science as well as psychology and sociology.

Term

The term Public relation was used in the USA first 1882, German correspondence public work 1917. A possible definition is with Carl dog living in its article in the magazine the German advertisement from the year 1937: Public relation is the art, by the spoken or printed word, by actions or by visible symbols for the own company, to create whose product or service a favorable public opinion. PR borders itself conceptually on the one hand from propaganda and advertisement as types of public communication, on the other hand on macro-social level of marketing and journalism as related subsystems in economics and journalism, distinguishable of it, with which PR in mutual exchange ratios, off. Under the key word "“Determinationshypothese vs. Intereffikationsansatz"” took place into the 1990er years a detailed occupation with the relationship of PR and journalism; 1992 determined a study of Rolke a relationship from self-manifestation to foreign observation in the medium resonance with approx. 70:30 as normal.

Public relation, and/or the terms public work, organization communication, synonymously used by some authors, communication management, stand micro-socially regarded for that type of public communication, which for an organization functions such as information, communication and Persuasion fulfilled and particularly long-term goals such as structure, preservation and organization of consistent images and thus from confidence, is interested in a consent with the partial publicnesses in the environment of the organization and is so also in the case of conflicts reliable acting of the organization aims at to make possible. Special attention becomes thereby the reference's groups of the organization assigns, thus for instance inhabitants, citizen, citizens' initiatives, the legislator, financial sources, customer, supplier, media, coworkers, etc.

In more recent time for instance again the synonym setting of PR and propaganda, used by Michael Kunczik, particularly in reunited Germany one sees problematic. It took place a shift of the meaning of propaganda from originally worth-neutral spreading away from convictions. Particularly the National Socialist and the SED dictatorship operated propaganda as a one-sided representation of an ideologically distorted conception of the world in the group with a rule form, which different representations, forbade tabuisierte marginalisierte and/or under punishment. PR took place also in these systems, was however reduced by the dominance of propaganda to the extent and extent substantially and had of an adapted communication style to avail itself.

Instruments of the press speaker or spin the Doctors are e.g. press conference, press statement, in addition, campaigns and productions. A goal is the influencing control on the image of the client in the public. In particular lobby politics of an enterprise in the policy win ever greater importance as-special form of public work in Germany. This experiences naturally less mediale attention, possesses however more substantial effects, so that partial bills in PR-departments are written by enterprises.

History

These became in the course of the Ausdifferenzierung of the society as well as increasing spatial Entgrenzung of organizations necessarily, to have occupation-historically particularly with the journalism common roots and grew together with this in consequence of the development of mass media substantially to extent and complexity. That determined actions, which belong to the typical apparatus of the PR, one clearly longer than into the center 19. Century going back tradition have, remains of it unaffected.

The state of research makes at present above all a comparison for the history possible of the PR in the USA and in Germany. While the developments and challenges at organizations were comparable in the reference to mass media and growth, different thinking traditions took and soziokulturelle developments, particularly to emphasize are the two dictatorships 20. Century in Germany, substantial influence on the lines of development of the concretely developed PR-systems. The circumstance of a development of condition organizations in Germany and the dominance of US-American PR-agencies on the market, taken place very late, put among other things from binder (1983) and Kunczik (1997) -- particularly in the area of national, in addition, public work economic in the area -- disproved conclusion close that PR after the Second World War from the USA to Germany quasi "“imported"” were.

Rough Periodisierung

Periodisierungen of the history of the PR lie e.g. forwards from Bentele, Edward Bernays, binder, Cutlip, Grunig, cord/polling man, Franz Ronneberger, Albert Oeckl, and other one. Along the development of a structural change of the public Habermas) fundamental currents can be reconstructed supranationally, the Ausdifferenzierung of the PR in the respective societies can however due to substantial soziohistorischer differences with larger profit on national level be described.

• around 1800 v.Chr in Mesopotamien first agricultural information brochures
• in the antique Greece and Rome: Thought about the relevance of the public opinion. Striving for fame is partly understood today as a use of Impression management.

Prehistory of the PR

• 1622: Establishment of the Congregatio de propaganda fide by Pope Gregor XV.
• 1641: New England's roofridge Fruits in London publishes, those according to Cutlip first PR-brochure (with the goal "“find raising"”)
• 18. Jhdt.: The work the revolutionary in the American war of independence carries PR-practical handwriting.

Birth of PR in the today's sense

• 1841 (Germany): Establishment of the Ministerial as place of national public work
• In the middle of 19. Jhdt. (The USA): Press agent in particular for the railway and "“circus"”, like e.g. the American museum of P.T. Barnum
• 1851: Krupp lets a large steel block present on the world exhibition (gladly kolportiert as the first PR-Event)

PR in 20. Century in the USA (after Cutlip)

• until 1917: Are responsible from PR (seedbed era) as defensive of enterprises opposite investigativen journalists (muckrakers) and for extensive political reforms under Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.
• 1917-1919: To increase employment of PR in the time of the First World War, (creel Committee) around the readiness for war loans to draw donations and into the war.
• in the golden one 20ern: Founder years of the vocational field and boom of PR for economic, political and social purposes.
• 1930-1945: In the time after the economic crisis and the Second World War dominates the development of political and national public work under Franklin D. Roosevelt and Louis the McHenry Howe.
• 1945-1965: in the post-war period a broad vocational field develops.
• starting from 1965: Globalization and information society: With the exponential increase of the communication possibilities also the need of communication management rises rapidly.

PR in Germany since center 19. Century (after Bentele)

• until 1918: First press department and finally war PR, the occupation develop.
• 1918-1933: Press work becomes in economics, politics and municipalities naturally.
• 1933-1945: In the NS time press work stands under large influence and/or reservation of political propaganda.
• 1945-1958: In the FRG a discovery of PR begins after American model as something new after the surrender, which develops rapidly to a vocational field.
• 1958-1985: After the establishment of the professional association in the FRG the industry to the extent grows and develops occupation-practical training ways. In the GDR a type of socialist public work develops.
• since 1985: Growth with the PR-agencies and Akademisierung of the occupation.

Articles in category "Public work"

We found here 26 articles.

Related Websites

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• New York State Department of Labor - Public Work Regulations
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• Recode/Compute note
  The new variables are placed into a public work area, which is available to all users ... Anyone can overwrite or delete a variable in the public work area. ...


• Recode/Compute note
  The new variables are placed into a public work area, which is available to all users ... Anyone can overwrite or delete a variable in the public work area. ...