The Schwarzpappel (Populus nigra), also Saarbaum or Saarbuche mentioned, is a kind of deciduous tree from the kind of the Pappeln in the family of the pasture plants (Salicaceae).

Spreading

The Schwarzpappel grows as a river companion in the moderate climatic areas of far parts of Europe with exception of Scandinavia, Scotland, Ireland and north Russia. It is resident in larger existence of the large European rivers Loire, Po, Danube, Elbe, Rhine and Weichsel.

Requirements for location

The Schwarzpappel places high requirements at light and warmth. Their locations must beyond that be very well nutrient and well water-supplied. It settled prefers gravel and sandy soils, which air well are. With appropriate conditions increases of a meter per year are not rarity. Short periodic inundations do not represent a problem for prospering. They favour even their competition strength in relation to the tree species of the Hartholzaue like e.g. the oaks, elm trees or ashes. With long persisting floodings the Schwarzpappel is however disadvantaged in relation to the kinds of pasture (Salix spec.) the Weichholzaue in its stature strength clearly. Ranges with standing water are not settled. This is the typical habitat of the Erlen. Schwarzpappeln are insensitive to over Scot run gene and because they can form at the trunk roots new in the high age. Mechanical injuries by larger driving property or also by drift ice heal completely fast.

Characteristics

Older copies of the Schwarzpappeln are from powerful, knorrigem stature. In Germany copies with a master diameter of over two meters are well-known. The trees can become meters high under favorable local conditions up to 30. The trunk exhibits a dark grey to black bark with rough, structure, which is very strange by crosswise running cork bulges. Also the formation of Wasserreisern and maser tubers often leads to bizarren master forms. The crowns are irregularly developed and unloading. Their Feinreiser is arranged upward and reminds of Reiserbesen.

Schwarzpappeln become 100 to 150 years old; in rare cases they can reach an age of 300 years. Recent branches and/or impulses have a round cross section and no cork ribs (difference to Hybridpappeln; see below!). As is the case for all Pappeln the sheets differ from long and short shoots of the same tree substantially from each other. Sheets at short shoots exhibit a rhombic, at Langtrieben an rhombic-egg-shaped form. The first Nebenaderpaar of the leaf veins branches out directly at the transition between Blattstiel and Blattspreite of the Hauptader (Wolterson effect). Kind regulations over sheet characteristics can be accomplished only in nursery gardens at vegetative descendants of the old trees with standard sheets, so which can be examined, mentioned.

There is getrenntgeschlechtige plants. The blooms appear, to many in so-called standing, still before drove out the sheet. The male are centimeters long up to twelve and hang flabby down. They have twelve to thirty whose Staubbeutel is magenta red at first. The female are stretched to ripe ones. The Fruchtknoten with two yellow scars is clearly recognizable.

Systematics

Botaniker differentiate between two subspecies of the Schwarzpappel; of some also still another third subspecies is described:

• The genuine Schwarzpappel (Populus nigra ssp. nigra), the Nominatform is resident in middle and southern Europe and represents. To the circulation area also still southwest Asia belongs, if not as the third subspecies Populus nigra ssp. afghanica one differentiates. The bald (unbehaarten) summer sheets are characteristic. Against it all subspecies exhibit the thick, low-cracked bark with the characteristic horizontal cork bulges.
• The Schwarzpappel, Populus nigra ssp. betulifolia (Pursh) W. Wettst., is resident in northwest Europe. The and young would drive out are more strongly (however void) behaart.

Since that 17. Above all century also Canadian Schwarzpappeln (Populus of deltoides) and hybrid Schwarzpappeln in Europe (Populus x become canadensis ), which came out from crossings of the American with the native Schwarzpappel, cultivated. The cultivation of this hybrids, by which about 14 different sorts (cv) are used, takes place into the today's time for economic reasons. The mass achievement is substantially larger and the quality of the log is by the straight stature more favorably than those the autochthonen genuine Schwarzpappel. Hybrid Pappeln have usually even bark without horizontal cork bulges. Also their recent impulses exhibit - contrary to Schwarzpappeln - cork ribs. A distinction after the outside appearance is sometimes however only with difficulty possible. Over modern genetic methods Schwarzpappeln and their hybrid can be identified clearly. Hybrid Schwarzpappeln displaced the autochthone Nominatform nearly everywhere.

In Central Europe the sort Populus becomes likewise frequent nigra cv. (Muenchh.) cultivated, which is called pyramid Pappel or Italian Pappel. With it the trunk branches out in contrast to the Nominatform above the ground and the branches already briefly grows perpendicularly upward, so that it exhibits a narrow, sometimes column-like Habitus. The origin of this sort is assumed in Turkestan or Persia.

Partnership Schwarzpappel

On the Schwarzpappel develop eight domestic under it the The trees are inhabited also frequently by gallenerzeugenden insects; the Spiralgallenlaus is thereby the kind of louse most frequently which can be found. Their infestation causes a spiral turn and Verdickung of the Blattstiels. The Galle typical for the Spiralgallenlaus is long and 10 millimeters thick 20 millimeters.

Inventory situation

Under Germany the original game form of the Schwarzpappel is classified in the red lists of the fern and bloom plants country widely as "„endangered "“. Most the today's Schwarzpappeln so mentioned are forstliche new breeding. In addition an important cause for the endangerment is the destruction of the natural habitats.

In Germany the Schwarzpappel was selected to the tree of the yearly 2006. Thus is to be made attentive on the one hand on the rarity of the genetically still genuine copies - it to become country-wide only about 2500 to 3000 such trees assumed -, on the other hand also on the threat of the biotopes in Flussauen.

Other

Already before 4000 years the Greek physician Galen recommended an ointment from the buds of the Schwarzpappel against inflammations. Such ointments find also today still use as pain-satisfying balsam.

The smooth wood of the Schwarzpappel is considered as the most valuable under the domestic Pappeln and is with Skulpturenschnitzern much likes.

Literature

• Refuge Weisgerber (Hrsg.) et al.: The Schwarzpappel. Problems and possibilities with the preservation of an endangered domestic tree species. Lectures and poster on the occasion of the symposium to 13. and 14. May 1998 in Hann. Flow. Research reports of the hessian national institute for forest mechanism, forest research and forest ecology, volume 24. Hessian national institute for forest mechanism, forest research and forest ecology, Hann. Flow 1998
• Hans Friedrich Joachim: The Schwarzpappel (Populus nigra L.) in Brandenburg. Eberswalder forstliche series of publications, volume 11. Institute for national forest Eberswalde & Ministry for nutrition, agriculture and forests Brandenburg 2000, ISBN 3-933352-32-0

Related links

• Kuratorium "“tree of the yearly"”
• Information of the NABU to the "“tree of the yearly"”

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