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Spruces

:	Resinous wood plants (Pinophyta)
:	Pinopsida
:	Kiefernartige (Pinales)
:	(Pinaceae)
:	Piceoideae

Scientific name

Picea

A.Dietr.

Spruces (Picea) are a kind of coniferous trees in the family of the (Pinaceae). The common spruce (Picea of abies) is most well-known, those because of their flaky, red-brown crust falsely also as "red fir "is designated.

The taps, which are called mostly "Tannenzapfen ", which are because of the soil, are Fichtenzapfen, because firs (Abies) do not throw their taps off as a whole.

Spreading

They seem to the northern earth hemisphere, with exception of Africa, in the largest part.

Description

Location

The spruce makes only regarding the water supply high demands. The soils must however at the same time still well air remain. The Standortkundler calls these soils freshly to moderately fresh, i.e. all year round (with exception of very hot summer months) a good to sufficient water supply is ensured. Concerning the requirements for nutrient the spruce is rather undemanding. Climatically the spruce prefers wintery cold continental and mountain climate.

Habitus

Spruces are coniferous trees, under certain climate conditions grow them also As Flachwurzler a spruce still finds into thin Bodenkrume between Felsbrocken its stop, but with violent storm it is also relatively fast entwurzelt.

Individually standing spruces possess a pyramid to crown depending upon origin. The crown form is an adjustment to the winter snow edition - a crown offers a higher photosynthesis achievement, saves however a higher danger of snow break. The branches are enough to nearly to the ground. In closed spruce existence the lower branches die however.

Sheets

The sheets are trained as 1 to 2 cm for a long time, clearly four-sharp-edged needles, which are colored on the upper and lower surface dark-green, partial cyan. They are formed individually at the branch - as with for example Kiefern to several to short shoot they do not drop after 5 to 8 years; a new generation needles forms each year at the branch point. The beginning of the needles is fells trees (see picture left), in contrast to Tannennadeln. There the nadelfuss is widened and sits directly on the branch (see picture right). The kind of the needle beginning helps with the distinction between a fir, a Kiefer or a spruce.

Tap and seed

Spruces are getrenntgeschlechtig it give female and male taps at a Type the taps hang in mature condition downward (a distinguisher to firs), are brown to black-brown colored and depending upon kind between 1 and 20 cm long and 0.5 to 2 cm thickly. They are as a whole thrown off. The seeds are winged.

Wood

The Jahresringe are very pronounced with the spruce. In the spring, at the beginning, they grow the growth period brightly, and the further the annual growth period further-walks, they become the darker. Each Jahresring states also something over the location and the stature conditions in the respective year. The spruce belongs to the hoar frost wood trees.

Use

Because of their rapid stature some kinds of spruce are cultivated as utilizable wood; they supply wood for the building (bar, planks, boards, square timbers, thick wood) or for furniture (glue wood, central positions for Tischlerplatten, sub-constructions). Beautiful fir wood can be used also in furniture and interior fittings.

Because of the good quality of the fir wood in the past in Europe many mixed woodlands were aufgeforstet by spruce mono cultures. The disadvantages of this management way exist among other things in a small resistance of such forests against bark beetle infestation.

Fineyear old, branchless fir wood of special locations is as Klangholz in the music instrument making desired, for example as covers for plays the violin and guitars and as resonance soil with piano and Cembalo.

With Durchforstungen resulting Schwachholz as well as small and slow-increasing kinds find use in the plate and pulp industry boy of trees also as Christmas trees and their branches as fir green are used, although they throw their needles off fast. At all falsely generally linguistic usage is meant with the Christmas fir tree usually the spruce.

From the Fichtennadeln the perfume industry wins also the spruce needle oil, that by Wasserdampfdestillation from fresh needles, which needle-basic branches and small branches one wins. In order to manufacture 1 kg spruce needle oil, one needs about 500 kg of Fichtennadeln. The smell is specifically, resin industrial union spicy and strong-radiating. From the juice of domestic spruces William hair man synthesized the Vanillin in the year 1874 for the first time.