Workers' migration

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Introduction

Workers' migration to Germany

The large migration phase of the Arbeitsmigranten (also immigrant workers called) began in Germany during the 1950er, when Germany experienced during the phase of the Wirtschaftswunders a lack of workers and enlisted immigrant workers from the foreign country.

, Also in the initial sense of many enlisting, a rotation principle was planned: A temporally limited stay (i.d.R. two to three years) and then again into the homeland back. The rotation principle did not prove for the industry efficiently, because thereby the experienced workers were exchanged by new inexperienced. The enterprises demanded legal regulations for the extension of the Aufenthaltserlaubnisses.

Many this immigrant worker retrieved sometime their families and always remained. Into the 1970er years came so over five million immigrant worker and their families to Germany, predominantly from the Mediterranean countries Italy, Spain, former Yugoslavia, Greece, Portugal and Turkey.

Approximately since 1990 in addition, from Eastern Europe to Western Europe - decay of the Eastern Bloc, case of wall, extension of the European Union 2004.

Workers' migration world-wide

Similarly as Germany also different European countries began to enlist immigrant workers e.g. France or Great Britain. These recruited increased in the countries, which ranked at that time or once among their colonies.

By the oil boom also many Middle East states enlisted immigrant workers, particularly from Pakistan, India and Bangladesh, in addition, from poorer Arab countries and from black Africa. In some countries, as for instance in Kuwait, work emigrants up to 80% of the resident population constitute. There are here generally hardly integration efforts, and it is not possible often legally also after decades to attain the nationality.

Also in the USA a workers' migration is to be regarded, predominant from Mexico. The demographer Jeff Passel estimated the number of the illegal immigrants in the USA in March 2004 on 10.3 million, of it should 57% or 5.9 million Mexican be. (Source: "“Migration news"”, April 2005)

In Asia it gives million from Arbeitsmigranten; they constitute the highest portion in Singapore, where the foreigners place about 30% of the workers.

From the west nearly perfectly unconsidered workers' migration in large of styles takes place in west Africa. Millions of young humans particularly from the work under often inhuman conditions e.g. on Plantagen in the coastal states such as Ghana, d'Ivoire and Liberia, in addition, in Senegal. Also large cities such as Lagos and the Nigerian oil industry have large attraction.

Amnestying illegal immigrants

Differently than in Germany it came in other countries again and again to extensive legalizations before illegal immigrant.

In the year 2004 the Thai government permitted all not-authorized foreigners, who had come before November 2003, to let be registered. 1,5 million persons used this possibility. By February 2005 until May 2005 in Spain 700,000 illegal immigrants requested a residence permit.

Dead one

Since the possibilities for the legal migration for many humans are very limited, many Migrantinnen and Migranten use the assistance of criminal tractors. It comes again and again to deaths. In June 2000 in the port of the English city Dover 58 asiatic refugees had been found suffocated in a truck.

Consequences for the host countries

Problems from the workers' migration result before all from integration readiness lacking certainly, above all Muslim Migranten.

A Zuwanderungsgesetz for 2003, which should regulate a uniform regulation of the workers' migration in Germany, was not passed because of non-uniform casting of votes in the Upper House of Parliament.

Consequences for the countries of origin

As in the host countries the effects of substantial workers' migration are at least as large also for the countries of origin. On the one hand the cash remittances of immigrant workers can represent a large part of the respective gross national income - in such a way these sums exceed the achievements for example gained in the country in Moldavia and Albania by far. On the other hand whole regions can over-age by substantial drift above all young humans.

Also the social consequences can be important. Thus often families become for many decades zerissen. Often falls it return-end to immigrant workers heavily to appear itself in its homeland again. They are zerissen between old and new homeland and from at home-remained are often rejected. In former Yugoslavia exists for example the plate of the agricultural worker, who comes after ten years building site in the white Mercedes home and plays the high gentleman here. Since usually above all men emigrate, emigration can affect also the demographic situation of a region.

On the other hand in countries with a long tradition of the "“Gastarbajteri"”, as for instance Yugoslavia, for a fruitful change with the host countries, led these here above all the German-speaking countries.

"“Brain drain"”

When one designates Brain drain the emigration of the more qualified social classes, if these do not see the possibilities given to find and on it to live be able in the own country one their training appropriate work. Brain drain often leads to a vicious circle: By a lack of qualified personnel continues to worsen the attractiveness of the location and concomitantly the economic and social situation still. Brain drain takes place also at times, where otherwise close latch plates are advanced for the migration, there defies all immigration restrictions experts is still looked for.

Many countries introduced "“Brain Gain"” - programs, in order to stop this development. One tries by special offers and support particularly for young university graduates to induce these to remaining. An emphasis is about often also to improve the education system since a study is often according to experience in another country the first step for emigrating. The success of such efforts holds itself however within limits, since they are without improvement of the general situation usually not much more than declarations of intent.

Meanwhile many scientists consider the theory of the Brain drain however outdated or too anyhow undifferentiatedly. Impressive example of the new research beginning, which sees a development perspective for poorer states in the migration of specialists, is the Indian IT-sector. For the sixties many Indian specialists moved away into the USA, where they contributed substantially to the boom of the there industry. There they could develop also capital and know-how, as well as contacts. In the nineties many moved again back to India and created even enterprises, from which the Indian economy profited strongly and could which by the world-wide IT-crisis further komparative cost advantages realize.

Beyond that the return transfers of Migranten find to more attention into their homelands ever. They exceed national development assistance global registered (ODA - Official development Assistance) and in many poor countries it makes the largest portion of the gross domestic product (GROS DOMESTIC PRODUCT) out (in El Salvador about 18%).

Certainly validity beseitzt the Brain drain beginning however regarding medical personnel, whose training is very expensive and is missing at that it all poorer states (except Cuba).

See also

Emigration, emigration, immigration, house personnel also to the old person care, integration, migration, restaurant economics, moonlighting, Wirtschaftswunder